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Do government subsidies stimulate firms’ R&D efforts? Empirical evidence from China
Sun Xiaohua,Yu Runqun,Wang Yun,Colombage Sisira R. N. 기술경영경제학회 2020 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.28 No.2
Government subsidies have been one of the popular policy instruments to stimulate firms’ R&D activities. We empirically investigate the impact of government subsidies on firms’ R&D decisions of listed manufacturing firms in China. In contrast to prior studies, we split firms’ R&D decision into two elements of ‘whether to invest decision’ and ‘how much to invest decision’. The influences and mechanism of government subsidies on R&D decision are theoretically analysed to develop hypotheses tested in this study. We find that government subsidies have a promotion effect on both elements of the firms’ R&D decision. Moreover, we also demonstrate the heterogeneous effects of government subsidies between state-owned and non-state firms. Due to the inherent principal-agent problem of state-owned firms and soft budget constraint, subsidies can only increase the probability to undertake R&D activities but cannot stimulate further investment in R&D efforts. However, our results indicate that government subsidies take effects in both elements of R&D decision for non-state firms.
Design of the energy-balanced wireless sensor networks for 3D seismic exploration
Xiaohua Zhou,Jianbin Zheng,Xinkai Meng,Guanghui Sun,Ruyun Tian 한국통신학회 2023 ICT Express Vol.9 No.3
Wireless Sensor Networks for 3D Seismic Exploration are large-scale and long-term networks to ensure high resolution. Energy balance is essential to avoid interruption of the whole network. In this paper, the hybrid wireless network architecture is designed for low-power monitoring system. An energy-balanced clustering method is developed to prolong network lifetime. The partial energy factor is introduced to optimize scheduling of cluster head nodes. An improved ant colony algorithm for energy-efficient clustering and routing network (IACA-EECR) is proposed to find optimal path. The results show the proposed architecture outperforms the existing platform. Extensive tests validate energy efficiency and network performance.
Sun, Chaoyang,Fang, Yong,Yin, Jun,Chen, Jian,Ju, Zhenlin,Zhang, Dong,Chen, Xiaohua,Vellano, Christopher P.,Jeong, Kang Jin,Ng, Patrick Kwok-Shing,Eterovic, Agda Karina B.,Bhola, Neil H.,Lu, Yiling,Wes American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2017 Science translational medicine Vol.9 No.392
<P>Mutant <I>RAS</I> has remained recalcitrant to targeted therapy efforts. We demonstrate that combined treatment with poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) inhibitors evokes unanticipated, synergistic cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo in multiple <I>RAS</I> mutant tumor models across tumor lineages where <I>RAS</I> mutations are prevalent. The effects of PARP and MEK inhibitor combinations are independent of <I>BRCA1/2</I> and <I>p53</I> mutation status, suggesting that the synergistic activity is likely to be generalizable. Synergistic activity of PARP and MEK inhibitor combinations in <I>RAS</I> mutant tumors is associated with (i) induction of BIM-mediated apoptosis, (ii) decrease in expression of components of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway, (iii) decrease in homologous recombination DNA damage repair capacity, (iv) decrease in DNA damage checkpoint activity, (v) increase in PARP inhibitor–induced DNA damage, (vi) decrease in vascularity that could increase PARP inhibitor efficacy by inducing hypoxia, and (vii) elevated PARP1 protein, which increases trapping activity of PARP inhibitors. Mechanistically, enforced expression of FOXO3a, which is a target of the RAS/MAPK pathway, was sufficient to recapitulate the functional consequences of MEK inhibitors including synergy with PARP inhibitors. Thus, the ability of mutant <I>RAS</I> to suppress FOXO3a and its reversal by MEK inhibitors accounts, at least in part, for the synergy of PARP and MEK inhibitors in <I>RAS</I> mutant tumors. The rational combination of PARP and MEK inhibitors warrants clinical investigation in patients with <I>RAS</I> mutant tumors where there are few effective therapeutic options.</P>
Sun, Chaoyang,Yin, Jun,Fang, Yong,Chen, Jian,Jeong, Kang Jin,Chen, Xiaohua,Vellano, Christopher P.,Ju, Zhenlin,Zhao, Wei,Zhang, Dong,Lu, Yiling,Meric-Bernstam, Funda,Yap, Timothy A.,Hattersley, Mauree Cell Press 2018 CANCER CELL Vol. No.
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are selectively active in cells with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency (HRD) caused by mutations in <I>BRCA1</I>, <I>BRCA2</I>, and other pathway members. We sought small molecules that induce HRD in HR-competent cells to induce synthetic lethality with PARPi and extend the utility of PARPi. We demonstrated that inhibition of bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) induced HRD and sensitized cells across multiple tumor lineages to PARPi regardless of <I>BRCA1/2</I>, <I>TP53</I>, <I>RAS</I>, or <I>BRAF</I> mutation status through depletion of the DNA double-stand break resection protein CtIP (C-terminal binding protein interacting protein). Importantly, BRD4 inhibitor (BRD4i) treatment reversed multiple mechanisms of resistance to PARPi. Furthermore, PARPi and BRD4i are synergistic in multiple <I>in vivo</I> models.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> BRD4 inhibition decreases homologous recombination competency by decreasing CtIP </LI> <LI> PARP and BRD4 inhibitors demonstrate synergy in multiple cancer lineages </LI> <LI> CtIP rescues DNA end resection and HR defect caused by BRD4 inhibition </LI> <LI> BRD4 inhibition resensitizes cells with acquired PARPi resistance to PARPi </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Li, Xiaohua,Kim, Yeon Bok,Uddin, Md Romij,Lee, Sanghyun,Kim, Sun-Ju,Park, Sang Un American Chemical Society 2013 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.61 No.36
<P>Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is an important enzyme in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis. Here we report the influence of light on amino acid accumulation and investigate the molecular mechanism by which light influences GABA biosynthesis at the seedling stage of two mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars (green-leaf and purple-leaf). Gene expression profiles of four GAD-encoding genes (<I>GAD1</I>, <I>GAD2</I>, <I>GAD4a</I>, and <I>GAD4b</I>) and their impact on GABA biosynthesis were analyzed. Light exerted an obvious influence on amino acid accumulation in mustard seedlings. <I>GAD</I> gene expression was also significantly regulated by light/dark or dark treatment, which differentially regulated GABA biosynthesis in B. juncea seedlings. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the seeds of purple cultivars contain a higher amount of free amino acids and GABA than do the seeds of green cultivars. After seed germination, however, the accumulation of free amino acids peaked in dark-treated seedlings on day 9 in both cultivars, whereas GABA synthesis peaked at 9 days under light conditions. This study may provide a foundation for understanding the effect of light on amino acids, particularly GABA biosynthesis in Brassica plants.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jafcau/2013/jafcau.2013.61.issue-36/jf401956v/production/images/medium/jf-2013-01956v_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jf401956v'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Li, Xiaohua,Thwe, Aye Aye,Park, Chang Ha,Kim, Sun Ju,Arasu, Mariadhas Valan,Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Naif,Lee, Sook Young,Park, Sang Un Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2017 Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment Vol.31 No.2
<P>The main flavonoid compound rutin is highly expressed in the crop plant buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) and plays important roles in the human diet. In this study, phenylpropanoid production in buckwheat hairy roots was evaluated following ethephon treatment. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography, we analysed the relationship between flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway gene regulation and the relative accumulation of the secondary compounds in ethephon-treated buckwheat hairy roots. Generally, the transcription of the biosynthetic pathway genes varied between the treated samples and controls. Most of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes were upregulated by ethephon, typically after four days of treatment. The application of 0.5 mg/L ethephon markedly induced anthocyanin production in hairy roots compared to that induced by the other concentrations tested (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). These data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis may play an important role in the response of buckwheat to ethephon-induced stress.</P>
Inelastic Analysis and Damage Assessment of Hydraulic Arched Tunnels in Different Near-Fault Regions
Benbo Sun,Mingjiang Deng,Sherong Zhang,Chao Wang,Wei Cui,Xiaohua Zhao,Lei Kou,Binghan Xue 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.9
The seismic natural hazard event is a threat of unpredictable events, which can easily cause incalculable damage to hydraulic tunnels. Traditionally, it is necessary to introduce as-recorded ground motions (GMs) appropriately for hydraulic arched tunnels during seismic design to avoid the unfavorable situation of large-scale collapse. However, the lack of adequate current selected methodology considering the accurate engineering site relative to the fault line in this type can result in more considerable deformations and severe damage to structures. Actually, the detailed explanation of the seismic design code of hydraulic tunnels cannot support the specific consideration of the spatial region effects since the considerable uncertainty of engineering sites in water resources and hydropower engineering. To address this issue, the present study proposes a novel selected methodology of as-recorded GMs that integrates the geographic location distribution of the strong earthquake monitoring station instead of the actual engineering site relative to the fault line. Subsequently, three-dimensional finite element models of a hydraulic arched tunnel reveal the possible seismic behavior of the tunnel induced by as-recorded GMs in different near-fault regions. Furthermore, the optimal IM between different near-fault regions and structural responses is also discussed through correlation analysis because it can describe the seismological features of as-recorded GMs, which has a crucial role in seismic design and performance assessment. The results reveal that the as-recorded GMs in the hanging wall region can induce more significant deformations and severe damage to the structure than other near-fault regions of as-recorded GMs. Meanwhile, the seismological characteristics and selected optimal IM for as-recorded GMs in different near-fault regions significantly differ. In summary, data and observations from these results highlight that considering the near-fault region effect is critical in optimizing the seismic design code.