전방 불안정성 견관절에서 이두박근의 근전도 활동성

김승호,하권익,김현숙,김선우,박종혁,김영민 대한견.주관절학회 2000 大韓肩.주關節學會誌 Vol.3 No.2

한국인 제2형 당뇨병 환자의 골격근에서 인슐린 신호전달체계의 결함

최준혁,이관우,김효정,이동훈,이종우,김정은,엄현채,김경미,최성이,정윤석,김현만 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.5

연구배경: 제2형 당뇨병에서 나타나는 인슐린 저항성은 간, 지방, 근육 같은 말초조직에서 인슐린의 작용이 떨어지는 것을 말한다. 제2형 당뇨병의 발생기전에 인슐린 저항성과 인슐린 분비능 저하가 같이 관여함은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 인슐린의 세포내에서의 저항성을 규명하기 위한 인슐린의 세포내 신호전달체계에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며 몇몇 연구에서 인슐린 저항성을 가진 골격근육에서 IRS와 관련된 PI3-kinase의 활성감소와 Akt kinase의 활성감소를 보고하고 있으나 아직까지 명확하게 그 기작이 설명되어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정상성인, 제2형 당뇨병 환자를 대상으로 경구당부하검사 및 인슐린 클램프검사를 시행하고 인슐린 클램프 검사시 대상인의 근육을 채취하여 인슐린 신호전달 체계(IR-β, IRS, Akt(PKB, Rac) kinase, GSK-3)를 연구하였다. 방법: 연구대상자는 한국인으로서 경구당부하검사상 정상인 및 당뇨병 환자 각각 11명, 9명을 대상으로 하였으며, 정상인은 건강인으로 과거력상 당대사에 영향을 줄 질환이 없고, 현재 당대사에 영향을 줄 약물 복용 및 다른 소견이 없는 경구당부하검사상 정성 내당능을 보이는 대상자로 하였다. 당뇨병환자는 모두 제2형 당뇨병 환자로 이환기간이 만 5년 이내인 경우로 하고, 인슐린으로 치료하는 대상자는 제외하도록 하였다. 대상자의 연령, 체질량지수, 체지방량, 공복시 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤 및 HbA1c, 인슐린, C-peptide를 측정하였고, "HOMA model"을 이용하여 베타세포의 기능와 인슐린저항성 정도를 평가하였다. 정상혈당클램프 검사(euhlycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test)를 시행하고 인슐린 투입 전과 인슐린 투입 30분후, 두차례에 걸쳐 대퇴부 근육생검을 실시한후 western 법으로 IR-β, IRS, Akt kinase, GSK-3의 인산화량을 측정하였다. 결과: 정상인 11명과 당뇨병 환자 9명을 대상으로 하였으며 대상자의 평균 연령, 평균 체질량지수, 체지방량, 허리/엉덩이 둘레의 비(waist hip ratio; WHR)는 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 평균 공복혈당은 정상군 98.0±0.3㎎/dL, 당뇨병군 208.1±16.5㎎/dL(p<0.05), HbA1c는 정상군 5.4±0.5%, 당뇨병군 9.2±0.6%(p<0.05)였다. "HOMA model"을 이용한 베타세포의 기능과 인슐린저항성은 정상군 56.4±8.5%, 1.4±0.2, 당뇨병군 72.2±52.3%(p<0.01), 10.2±6.3(p<0.01)였으며 정상혈당클램프 검사상 포도당 이용률은 정상군 8.2±0.6㎎/㎏/min, 당뇨병군 3.7±1.1㎎/㎏/min(p<0.01)로 정상군과 당뇨병군간에 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. Western blot법으로 IR-β, IRS, Akt kinase, GSK-3의 인산화량을 인슐린 투입전과 인슐린 투입 30분후 측정하였을 때 IR-β에서는 정상군이 103.9±2.3에서 241.3±18.6, 당뇨군이 108.9±2.2에서 198.7±6.3으로 증가하였다(p=NS). 이는 인슐린 투입후 당뇨병군이 정상군과 비교하여 인산화량의 증가정도가 통계적인 차이가 없었다. IRS에서는 정상군이 111.6±7.3에서 295.6±17.2, 당뇨군이 114.5±6.1에서 222.0±23.2로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 인슐린 투입후 당뇨병군이 정상군과 비교하여 인산화량의 증가정도가 약 24% 감소하였다. Akt kinase에서는 103.4±6.0에서 416.8±29.5로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), 인슐린 투입후 당뇨병군이 정상군과 비교하여 인산화량의 증가정도가 약 43% 감소하였다. GSK-3에서는 정상군이 107.7±6.7에서 595.7±28.1, 당뇨군이 104.3±4.8에서 443.3±12.9로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), 인슐린 투입후 당뇨병군이 정상군과 비교하여 인산화량의 증가정도가 약 25% 감소하였다. 결론: 제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 정상인과 비교하여 인슐린 자극후 IR-β는 인산화량의 증가정도가 큰 차이가 없었으나, IRS, Akt kinase, GSK-3에서는 인산화량의 증가 정도가 감소되는 것으로 보아 상위 인슐린 신호전단체계부터 결함이 있는 것으로 생각된다. Background: The glucose uptake rate is the limiting step in glucose utilization and storage. The failure of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle appears to be a primary defect of insulin resistance. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia on the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR-β), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), Akt kinase and GSK-3 in isolated skeletal muscle, in people with type 2 diabetes(n=9) and control subjects(n=11). Methods: 75g OGTT and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were done. And vastus lateralis muscle was obtained before and 30 min into the euglycemic clamp. Western blots were performed for tyrosine phosphroylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphorylation of the insulin receptor(IR-β), Akt and GSK-3. Result: There were no statistical differences in the mean age, BMI and body fat between the control subjects and diabetic patients. The fasting blood sugar and HbA_1c in controls and diabetic patients were 98.0±0.3 and 208.1±16.5ng/dl, and 5.4±0.5 and 9.2±0.6%, and 1.4±0.2 in the control subjects, and 72.2±52.3%(p<0.01) and 10.2±6.3(p<0.01) in the diabetic patients, respectively. The insulin resistance from the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were 8.2±0.6㎎/㎏/min and 3.7±1.1ng/㎏/min in the control subjects and in the diabetic patients, respectively(p<0.01). Compared with the normal controls, insulin-stimulated IR phosphorylation was no different to that in the diabetic patients. However, insulin-stimulated IRS phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated GSK-3 phosphorylation were reduced in the diabetic patients compared with the normal controls by 24, 43 and 25%, respectively(p<0.05). Conclusion: In Korean type 2 diabetic patients, the insulin resistance may be due to the impairment of the upstream insulin signal molecular network. Further studies will focus on determining whether these signaling defects are the cause of the development of insulin resistance, or secondary to the altered metabolic state, associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 17:685∼697, 2002).

Budd-Chiari 증후군 : 1례 보고 A Case Report

김승현,오연희,이현경,이성우,서정욱 동국대학교 경주대학 1997 東國論集 Vol.16 No.1

하대정맥의 막성폐쇄로 인한 Budd-Chiari 증후군은 비교적 드문 질환으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 우상복부 동통을 주소로 내원한 환자에게 방사선학적 검사와 임상적으로 확진된 하대정맥의 막성폐쇄에 의한 Budd-Chiari 증후군 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고 하고자한다. The Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare, often fatal illness resulting from hepatic venous outflow occlusion. It occurs secondary to intrinsic vascular thrombosis, tumor invasion, or rarely a congenital web. We report a case of primary Budd-Chiari syndrome with membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava, with a brief review of literature.

특정공사 건설기계에 대한 가설방음벽의 삽입손실효과

김선우,김경순,박현구 대한건축학회 2005 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.3

This study aims to propose application of noise barrier and to provide useful data for noise control in construction field by measuring and analyzing the insertion loss(IL) of temporary noise barrier mainly used for specific work. For these reasons, survey on the documents declared before construction was carried out focusing on the construction machine and noise barrier planned and EGI fence with dust net was certified to used generally for noise control and temporary fence. For the analysis of the effect of noise barrier, IL was measured by indirect method in accordance with ISO 10847. IL depending on the distance between noise barrier and construction machine by 7.5m, 10m, 20m and 30m was compared, and IL depending on the distance of receiving point from noise barrier was also compared by measuring the sound pressure level(SPL) in the reference position above barrier and in each point, 7.5m, 15m, 30m, 45m and 60m, at the same time. Based on the IL measured, examination was performed whether the data were satisfied or not with regulation for life noise.

Enterococcus faecalis 추출물이 임파구의 IL-2, IL-4, TGF-β1분비에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김현식,이우철,손원준,이상탁,김철호,임성삼 大韓齒科保存學會 2005 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.30 No.1

In order to examine the immunoresponse of host cells to Enterococcus faecalis, this in vitro study monitored the production of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were activated with PHA in the presence or abscence of sonicated extracts of E. Faecalis (SEF) and further incubated for 72 hours. The level of each cytokine was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). PHA-activated group did exhibit higher level of IL-2 and IL-4 than untreated control group. The levels of expression of both cytokines were significantly decreased following the treatment of high (25㎍/㎖) and medium concentration (12.5㎍/㎖) of SEF (P > 0.05) than those of PHA activated group. But low concentration (5㎍/㎖) of SEF showed th similar level of IL-2 and IL-4 production as those of PHA activated group. TGF-β1 was unaffected by SEF treatment. These results suggested that E. faecalis may suppress IL-2 and IL-4 production by lymphocytes and this could be one of possible factors why E. faecalis are found frequently in the teeth with failed endodontic treatment. 근관치료의 실패원인 중 중요한 세균으로 알려진 Enterococcus faecalis는 최근에 중요성이 더해지며 많은 연구들이 진행중이다. 여러가지 기전들이 보고되고 있으나 면역반응에 관한 연구는 거의 알려져 있지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 Enterococcus faecalis의 초음파 분쇄 추출물을 성인의 말초혈액으로부터 얻은 임파구에 적용시켜서 여기서 분비되는 interleukin-2, interleukin-4, transforming growth fater-β1의 농도를 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)로 측정하여 비교, 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. E. faecalis를 적절한 조건에서 배양한 뒤 초음파 분쇄를 하여 추출물을 얻어냈다. 임파구는 건강한 성인의 말초혈액에서 추출하여 분리하였다. 임파구를 적절한 농도의 mitogen (Phytohemagglutinin: PHA)으로 자극시킨 뒤에 다양한 농도의 E. faecalis 초음파 추출물을 적용시키고 72시간 동안 배양하였다 ELISA를 이용하여 IL-2, IL-4,TGF-β1 의 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과는 Kruskal-Wallis test, Man-Whitney rank sum test (p < 0.05)를 사용하여 통계처리 하였다. 실험결과 PHA로 처리한 군은 아무것도 처리하지 않은 군에 비해서 IL-2, IL-4의 수치가 유의성 있게 높았다 (p < 0.05). PHA로 처리한 군중에서 고농도와 중농도의 sonic extract of E. faecalis (SEF)로 처리한 군은 그렇지 않은 군에 비해서 IL-2 IL-4의 농도가 유의성 있게 낮았다 (p < 0.05). PHA로 처리한 군중에서 저농도의 SEF로 처리한 군은 그렇지 않은 군과 비교하여 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다.TGF-β1의 농도는 모든 군에서 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 따라서, E. faecalis의 추출물은 임파구의 IL-2, IL-4의 분비능력을 저하시킨다고 할 수 있다.

격막형 액막에 의한 코발트 이온 및 니켈이온의 분리

金春泳,鄭奉佑,李鉉哲 全北大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.35 No.-

The separation of the cobalt ion and nickel ion was carried out which was based on the principle of coupling facilitated transport. The principle of coupling facilitated transport was developed and validated by predicting the cobalt ion and nickel ion fluxes through membrane as a function of hydrogen ion concentration in the feed solution, carrier concentration in the membrane, and content of metals ion in the feed solution, flow rate of the feed solution and acid concentration in the stripping solution. Diffusion coefficients of Co-di(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid and Ni-di(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid through polytetrafluroethylene membrane were 1.2×10^7㏖/sec and 5.5×10^8㏖/sec, respectively.

포도호랑하늘소의 生態 및 加害特性에 關한 硏究

金奎眞,李在休,朴鍾大,申炫雨 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1988 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.23 No.-

포도호랑하늘소의 生態 및 加害特性을 究明코자 1983~1985. 3個年에 걸쳐 全南 山間地이며 울타리式 포도栽培團地인 谷城과 平野地이며 天井式 포도 栽培團地인 羅州에서 遽行하였다. 1. 포도호랑하늘소의 形態的인 特徵을 보면 成蟲은 암컷의 크기가 12.6mm, 숫컷 11.7mm, 용`14.8mm, 卵은 長徑 1.12mm, 短俓 0.44mm 1마리 雄成蟲 産卵數는 15~53個 抱卵數는 29~108個였다. 한편 各態別 期間은 卵基間 7~12日 幼蟲期 268~303日,용期 12~15일, 成蟲 24~41日程度였다. 2. 本蟲은 年 1回 發生하여 成蟲의 發生其間은 山間地인 谷城에서는 7月中間~9月中旬으로 그 最盛期는 8月 中旬頃이었으며, 平野地인 羅州에서는 8月中旬~9月中旬으로 그 最盛期는 9月上旬頃이었다. 3. 被害莖은 3年以上의 가지로서 直徑이 9014mm에서 많았다. 4. 品種에 다른 被害率은 거봉 34.7% Muscat Bailey A29.8% Dela ware 27.3%, Campbell Early 22.9%였다. 5. 越冬態의 蟲齡別 越冬率은 1齡 8.4% 2齡 75.4%, 3齡 12.7% 4齡 3.5%였다. 6. 포도원의 剪定後 剪定地를 放置한 경우에는 45.7% 除去한 경우는 7.6%의 被害率을 보였다. 7. 포도호랑하늘소의 幼蟲과 용에寄生하는 天敵으로서 주머니응애(Pediculoides ventrico년)寄生蟲(Odontobracon bicolar)이 調査되었으며 特히 주머니용애는 寄生率이 높았다. This study was carried out to investigate Bionomics and Damaged aspect on the Grape tiger longicorn Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus at Goksung, mountain area and Naju, field area from 1983 to1985. In size of each stage, female adult was 12.6mm male adult 11.7mm, pupa 14.8mm, egg length 1.22mm, width 0.44mm. Periods of egg was 7 to 12 days, larva 268 to 303 days, pupa 12 to 15 days, adult 24 to 41. days No. of eggs in ovary and laid was 29 to 108 and 15 to 53, respectively but was affected by environmental condition. Grape tiger longicorn have one generation under natural condition. In mountain area, adults emerged from mid-August to mid-September and peak was mid--August.In field area, adults emerged from mid-August to mid-September and peak was early-September. Rate of injury in grape vine stem was great above 3 years branch and damages by Grape varactics were 34.7% in Kyoho, 29.8% in Muscat Bailey A, 27.3% in Dela Ware. 22.9% in campbell Early, respectively. Overwintering larva was great in 2nd instar of 75.4%. Natural enemies of Grape tiger longicorn was investigated in the larva and pupa, Pediculodes ventricosus(Acarina) Odontabracor bicolar(Hymennoptera)

中央 ㆍ地方政府間의 事務配分에 관한 法的 考察

金又德,柳在賢 新羅大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.41 No.1

This study analyzes the relationship between the central and local government, with a specific focus on the allocation of functions performed by the two different levels of government. It is assumed that this study has a significant contribution to our understanding of the role of government in general and of the many functions performed by the two authorities in particular. Moreover, there is an increasing need to clarify the relationship as we are facing a new system of local autonomy in the very near future. This study regards to provide theoretical, legal and methodological basis on the allocation of functions between the central and local government, and to explore the relevant approach in Korean situation. Above purposes can be obtained as suggestions by analyzing the legal cases and experiences of several nations on the allocation of functions, and as results by analyzing the feature in the case of Korea. As focuses on the case of Korea, this study can find a few important negative characteristics seen in the administrative relations between the central and local government. First of all, the functional divisions of governmental activities in Korea are very ambiguous and the delegated activities from the central to local government is somewhat over-loaded. This gives a sign of the meticulous control, supervision, and direction to the local government from the strong central government. All in all, it means that there are not so much divisions of administrative power between the central and local government. To be more specific, we may conclude the following characteristics : 1. There are too much regulatory functions asigned to the local authorities. 2. The tool of administration mainly depends on the state power, that is the coersive or compulsory means of administration prevail. 3. The legal basis of the administrative enforcement seems lacking. 4. Especially from the point of view of the local government, administrative functions performed by the local government in the field of social welfare, rather than in the field of general administration, industry and economy, seem to show a relatively low level. Of course this remains a major problem for the local government to deal with under the new system of local autonomy. From the above discussion, the following conclusionary remarks are possible. First of all, a change of perspective toward the relationship between the two governmental entities should be introduced in order to have a reformed or better functional divisions of governmental activities. Most of all, it may be necessary to point out here that there cannot be an absolute principle regarding the functional divisions. In addition, the top-down or top-to-bottom hierarchical command system of central government should also be avoided for the betterment of the administrative relations. The points further allow us to present a few final suggestions : 1. In the realm of the functional allocation of administration, "inclusive-indicative" orientation should be changed toward a more concrete form of allocation of governmental functions. 2. A strategy to strengthen the cooperation and clarifying the functional division must be achieved in order to effectively solving the common goals of administrative tasks that now seem increasing ever more. 3. It may be necessary to make a new legal basis in the form of 'The Law of Intergovernment Proceedings and Relations'. 4. There needs a wide range of change in the functional division of administration to make the system work more efficiently. In specific, many overlapping functions performed by both the the central and local government should be cleared away, many administrative regulations or red-tapes must be suspended in order to increase the basis of competitiveness of industries and private economy in general, and many formalized administrative permissions that may not be necessary, if not for the sake of formality, should also be ended.

小兒嘔吐의 臨床的 考察

金龍鉉,金宇煥 동의대학교 한의학연구소 1999 동의한의연구 Vol.3 No.-

Clinical studies were performed on 78 cases who had vomiting cured by oriental medicine or acupuncture from December 1998 to April 1999. The results were as follows: 1. In 78 cases of vomiting, the ratio of the male was 48.1%(38 cases) and female was 51.3%(40 cases). 2. In 78 cases of vomiting, the ratio of the under 1month was 3.9%(3 cases), under 1year was 9%(7 cases), under 3year was 62.8%(49 cases), under 6year was 24.3%(19 cases). 3. In duration of treatment, the ratio of the under 1 day was 21.8%(17 cases), under 3 day was 33.3%(26 cases), over 3 days was 44.9%(35 cases). 4. The ratio of oriental medicine and acupuncture was 67.9%(53 cases), oriental medicine was 6.5%(5 cases), acupuncture was 25.6%(20 cases) 5. The ratio of Excellent was 35.9%(28 cases), good was 44.9%(35 cases), improved was 12.8(10 cases), poor was 6.4%(5 cases).

텅스텐인산으로 개질된 SBA-15 촉매 상에서 아세트산의 탈수반응

우창수,He, Nong-Yue,김현국,이호인 한국공업화학회 2004 응용화학 Vol.8 No.1

TPA (tungstophosphoric acid), a typical heteropoly acid, was impregnated on SBA-15 to modify the acidic property of the mesoporous catalyst. The TPA was highly dispersed on the SBA-15 which has large surface area confirming by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. According to the result of in-situ FTIR spectroscopy using pyridine as a probe molecule, it was revealed that silanol group was gradually decreased with increasing the loading amount of TPA, and that new acidic site different from that of pure TPA was generated resulting in the enhancement of catalytic activity. TPA could act as a promoter when loaded on SBA-15 by relatively small amount, but the catalytic activity was greatly decreased due to the loss of silanol group as an active site when a large amount of TPA was loaded.