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Kyu-shik Jeong,정원일,Jae-yong Chung,Mi-young An,Chae-yong Jung,Gyoung-jae Lee,Jong-soo Kang,Byeong-cheol Kang,Young-heun Jee,Bruce H Williams,Young-oh Kwon,Da-hee Jeong 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2
Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV)Da-hee Jeong, Won-il Jeong, Jae-yong Chung, Mi-young An, Chae-yong Jung, Gyoung-jae Lee1, Jong-soo Kang1, Byeong-cheol Kang2, Young-heun Jee3, Bruce H Williams4, Young-oh Kwon5 and Kyu-shik Jeong*College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea1Shinwon Scientific Co., LTD, Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea3College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
Turco-Iranian Alignment: Balancing or Bandwagoning with the US?
William Kang,Jaechun Kim 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2016 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.23 No.1
Turkey and Iran has had a long history of rivalry and cooperation. However, the advent of the Arab Spring and the Syrian conflict escorted unprecedented tensions between these two non-Arab states. Syria epitomizes the geopolitical tensions between Turkey and Iran amongst a host of regional issues, in which they are at loggerheads over regional influence at the expense of each other. At pernicious odds over Syria, Turco-Iranian relations seemed inexorably precarious going forth. That is until Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s January 29 th , 2014 visit to Iran signaled a thawing and growing alignment toward Iran. The alignment behavior of Turkey and Iran presents something of a puzzle. This paper investigates the nature of the current Turco-Iranian alignment by adopting structural realist theory of alliance. The choice of grand strategy that the U.S. adopted and its actions in the Middle East resulted in Turkey and Iran bandwagoning with the U.S. instead of balancing against it, which in turn made Turkey and Iran cooperate. Even though Turkey is a NATO ally of the U.S., both Turkey and Iran had limited options due to the actions of the U.S.
Compartmentalized Hedging in the Middle East : Turkey’s Alternative Strategy towards Iran
William Kang,김재천 한국정치학회 2017 한국정치학회보 Vol.51 No.6
The concepts of balancing and bandwagoning theoretically have been the known strategies that states often utilize when they are exposed to pressing external threats. Scholars debated about the absence of balancing by states in the post-Cold War era against the United States, such that concepts like soft balancing and underbalancing have been introduced as the alternatives. States’ balancing strategies become more complicated under fragmented, multi-polar system such as the Middle East. Due to power diffusion, the Middle East has many weakened states and various types of actors are trying to take advantage of it; Iran has gained the most geopolitically. The puzzle is why Turkey is not employing either a balancing or bandwagoning strategy towards Iran, even though Iran’s regional geopolitical gains are a threat. This paper argues that Turkey has adopted ‘compartmentalized hedging’ towards Iran during the outbreak of civil wars and conflicts that are internationalized. Compartmentalized hedging allows Turkey to transcend the traditional relationship boundaries of ally or foe by straddling the grey area by simultaneously combining negative balancing and economic engagement as a hybrid policy towards the regional threat.
Managing injection-induced seismic risks
Lee, Kang-Kun,Ellsworth, William L.,Giardini, Domenico,Townend, John,Ge, Shemin,Shimamoto, Toshihiko,Yeo, In-Wook,Kang, Tae-Seob,Rhie, Junkee,Sheen, Dong-Hoon,Chang, Chandong,Woo, Jeong-Ung,Langenbruc American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2019 Science Vol.364 No.6442
<P>Heat transported from deep within Earth's crust can be used to generate electricity or provide direct heating by circulating fluid through permeable fracture networks in hot rock. Because naturally permeable systems are rare, enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology stimulates the creation of permeable pathways in otherwise impermeable rock by means of the injection of water under high pressure, creating new fractures and causing preexisting fractures to open. But several EGS projects have encountered problems of induced seismicity, particularly the moment magnitude (<I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB>) 5.5 earthquake in 2017 that occurred near an EGS drill site in Pohang, Republic of Korea (South Korea). Here we explore the implications of, and derive lessons from, the Pohang experience. The Pohang earthquake provides unequivocal evidence that EGS stimulation can trigger large earthquakes that rupture beyond the stimulated volume and disproves the hypothesis that the maximum earthquake magnitude is governed by the volume of injected fluids. Because that hypothesis tacitly underpins hazard-based methods used for managing induced seismicity, those methods must be revised and based on considerations of risk.</P>
Peptide-Programmable Nanoparticle Superstructures with Tailored Electrocatalytic Activity
Kang, Eun Sung,Kim, Yong-Tae,Ko, Young-Seon,Kim, Nam Hyeong,Cho, Geonhee,Huh, Yang Hoon,Kim, Ji-Hun,Nam, Jiyoung,Thach, Trung Thanh,Youn, David,Kim, Young Dok,Yun, Wan Soo,DeGrado, William F.,Kim, Sun American Chemical Society 2018 ACS NANO Vol.12 No.7
<P>Biomaterials derived <I>via</I> programmable supramolecular protein assembly provide a viable means of constructing precisely defined structures. Here, we present programmed superstructures of AuPt nanoparticles (NPs) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that exhibit distinct electrocatalytic activities with respect to the nanoparticle positions <I>via</I> rationally modulated peptide-mediated assembly. <I>De novo</I> designed peptides assemble into six-helix bundles along the CNT axis to form a suprahelical structure. Surface cysteine residues of the peptides create AuPt-specific nucleation site, which allow for precise positioning of NPs onto helical geometries, as confirmed by 3-D reconstruction using electron tomography. The electrocatalytic model system, i.e., AuPt for oxygen reduction, yields electrochemical response signals that reflect the controlled arrangement of NPs in the intended assemblies. Our design approach can be expanded to versatile fields to build sophisticated functional assemblies.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Supply-Chain Spillover Effects and the Interdependence of Firm Financing Decisions
William C. Johnson,Jun-Koo Kang,Ronald Masulis,Sangho Yi 한국재무학회 2012 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.05
We analyze spillover effects of supplier equity financing decisions to assess the importance of major trading relationships in creating interdependent valuation effects. We find supplier issuance decisions have important negative spillover effects for large customers, which are more pronounced as information asymmetry or economic dependence of suppliers and customers rises, relationship-specific investment increases, or more valuable product guarantees are offered. Furthermore, customer incentives to maintain supplier relationships are undercut by supplier equity financing decisions, leading to shorter post-issuance trading relationships and larger declines in relationship-specific investments. Our results provide strong evidence of financial and investment policy interdependence across major supply chain members.
Kang, Eunha,Lee, Meehye,Brune, William H.,Lee, Taehyoung,Park, Taehyun,Ahn, Joonyoung,Shang, Xiaona Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.9
<P>Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles are a serious health risk, especially in regions like East Asia. We investigated the photochemical aging of ambient aerosols using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor at Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea during 4-12 August 2011. The size distributions and chemical compositions of aerosol particles were measured alternately every 6 min from the ambient air or through the highly oxidizing environment of a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor. Particle size and chemical composition were measured by using the combination of a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Inside the PAM reactor, O3 and OH levels were equivalent to 4.6 days of integrated OH exposure at typical atmospheric conditions. Two types of air masses were distinguished on the basis of the chemical composition and the degree of aging: air transported from China, which was more aged with a higher sulfate concentration and O : C ratio, and the air transported across the Korean Peninsula, which was less aged with more organics than sulfate and a lower O : C ratio. For both episodes, the particulate sulfate mass concentration increased in the 200-400 nm size range when sampled through the PAM reactor. A decrease in organics was responsible for the loss of mass concentration in 100-200 nm particles when sampled through the PAM reactor for the organics-dominated episode. This loss was especially evident for the m∕z 43 component, which represents less oxidized organics. The m∕z 44 component, which represents further oxidized organics, increased with a shift toward larger sizes for both episodes. It is not possible to quantify the maximum possible organic mass concentration for either episode because only one OH exposure of 4.6 days was used, but it is clear that SO2 was a primary precursor of secondary aerosol in northeast Asia, especially during long-range transport from China. In addition, inorganic nitrate evaporated in the PAM reactor as sulfate was added to the particles. These results suggest that the chemical composition of aerosols and their degree of photochemical aging, particularly for organics, are also crucial in determining aerosol mass concentrations. </P>