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Tomita, Takeo,Kim, Seung-Young,Teramoto, Kazuya,Meguro, Ayuko,Ozaki, Taro,Yoshida, Ayako,Motoyoshi, Yudai,Mori, Naoki,Ishigami, Ken,Watanabe, Hidenori,Nishiyama, Makoto,Kuzuyama, Tomohisa AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017 ACS CHEMICAL BIOLOGY Vol.12 No.6
<P>The diterpene cyclase CotB2 catalyzes the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to the tricyclic cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol, which is characterized by a 5-8-5-fused ring skeleton. We have previously proposed a cyclization cascade involving a unique carbon-carbon bond rearrangement combined with multiple hydride shifts, all occurring at a single active site. Here, we report the first high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of CotB2 with bound substrate analog geranylgeranyl thiodiphosphate (GGSPP). In the GGSPP-bound form, GGSPP folds into a unique S-shaped conformation that probably reflects the substrate-bound state prior to ionization of the substrate GGPP. The folded framework of GGSPP is surrounded by hydrophobic residues and several aromatic and asparagine residues that are well-positioned to stabilize a series of reactive carbocation intermediates through a combination of cation−π and dipole charge interactions. The combined crystal structures and mutagenesis-based biochemical assays provide a structural basis for exquisite control of ring formation and stereochemistry during CotB2 catalysis.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Sachi Higuchi,Seiichi Yoshida,Takeo Minematsu,Yutaka Hatano,Akifumi Notsu,Takamichi Ichinose 대한피부과학회 2023 Annals of Dermatology Vol.35 No.4
Background: In Japan, neonates have typically been bathed in a bathtub immediately after birth because bathing is a custom for cleansing impurities. However, dry technique has been introduced into many institutions since 2000. There is little scientific evidence on the ben- efit or harmfulness of either method to neonatal skin, and consequently, opinion remains split on which method is superior. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether bathing or the dry technique of cleaning is better in maintaining skin health in the early neonatal period. Methods: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH, considered an index of skin bar- rier function, were measured in each group. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and inter- leukin (IL)-6, which are inf lammatory cytokines released by keratinocytes, were measured by skin blotting. Results: TEWL and skin pH of neonates were lower with the dry technique than with bath- ing. The expression level of IL-6 and TNF-α in chest skin of neonates was higher with bath- ing than with the dry technique. Conclusion: These results suggest that the dry technique may maintain skin health better than bathing in the early neonatal period.
Phototransduction and Visual Cycle in the Ascidian Tadpole Larva
Kusakabe, Takehiro,Nakashima, Yuki,Kusakabe, Rie,Horie, Takeo,Kawakami, Isao,Yoshida, Reiko,Inada, Kyoko,Nakagawa, Masashi,Tsuda, Motoyuki Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Ascidians are lower chordates, and their tadpole-like larvae share a basic body plan with vertebrates. To study photoreceptive systems in ascidians, we have isolated and characterized cDNA clones for three opsins, five G protein ${\alpha}$ subunits (G${\alpha}$), catalytic and regulatory subunits of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), and arrestin from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis tadpole larva. Ci-opsin1 and Ci-opsin2 are vertebrate-type opsins, while Ci-opsin3 is a retinal photoisomerase similar to retinochrome and mammalian RGR. Both Ci-opsin1 and arrestin are specifically localized in the photoreceptor cells of the ocellus, whereas Ci -opsin2 is not expressed in the photoreceptors, but is co-localized in another population of neurons in the brain with PDE (Ci-PDE9 and Ci-PDE$\delta$). Ci-opsin3 is present in the entire region of the brain. Though five different cDNAs encoding Ga have been cloned, no transducin-type G protein has been found yet. Interestingly, one of G${\alpha}$i isoform is conspicuously expressed in the entire region of the brain. The Ci-opsin3 gene expression was observed in a broad area of the brain vesicle as well as in the visceral ganglion. Genes encoding ascidian homologs of CRALBP and ${\beta}$-CD, whose function is required for the mammalian visual cycle, are co-expressed with Ci-opsin3 in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion. Localization of Ci-opsin3, CRALBP, and ${\beta}$-CD in a broad area of the brain suggests that the brain of the ascidian larva has a visual cycle system similar to that of the vertebrate RPE. Based on these data, we discuss the evolution of vertebrate visual systems.