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Underlying representation in geminates: from OT perspective
Sung-Hoon Hong,Chang-Kook Suh 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1
Hong, Sung-Hoon, and Chang-Kook Suh. 2004. Underlying represen-tation in Geminates: from an OT perspective. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 10.1. 129.144. This research has examined the status of Underlying Representation (UR) in Optimality Theory focusing on the representation of consonant geminates. For this purpose, we have examined geminate/singleton alternation in Ponapean employing Lexicon Optimization (LO), an algorithm proposed to select a UR among multiple inputs. We have seen that simple application of LO is problematic in singling out a UR for the case of alternation. This leads us to the version of LO that is performed on the paradigms, rather than on an individual forms (Tesar and Smolensky 1996, 2000, Inkelas 1995, 1998). After a thorough implementation of LO, we have found that the URs are simply identical to the input forms; geminate UR for the alternating case and singleton UR for the nonalternating case. Further, it was shown that a unique underlying representation of geminates, regardless of their positions in which they occur, can account for the exceptional geminate behaviors. (Hansung University and Cheonan University)
홍성훈 ( Sung Hoon Hong ),박선우 ( Sunwoo Park ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2
In casual speech of Korean, words are often reduced to shorter forms by reducing one or more syllables from the original words. This word reduction comes in three types: simple deletion of one or more syllables from the source word, reduction motivated by hiatus avoidance, and reduction created by deletion of subsyllabic segment(s) with subsequent resyllabification. The third type, which we call "subsyllabic reduction (SSR)," is particularly interesting because it is not clear what motivates this specific deletion of segment strings and the subsequent phonological restructuring. This paper examines the issues surrounding SSR from the perspective of information theory (Shannon 1948) and proposes that SSR occurs to improve string well-formedness and collocational strength between segments, which are measured respectively by information-theoretic notions of ``positive logarithm`` (plog; Goldsmith 2002, 2011) and ``mutual information``. To elaborate this proposal, we compiled a list of reduced words created by SSR and examined how plog and mutual information vary with SSR. We obtained a partially positive result: Among the five types of SSR, the values of plog and mutual information change as we expected in three types, which account for 270 out of 309 cases of SSR. We suggested a tentative explanation for the remaining cases based on reverse derivation and word-edge effect. (Aitchison 2011). (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Keimyung University)
Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu
Sung-Hoon Hong 한국음운론학회 2002 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.8 No.2
Hong, Sung-Hoon. 2002. Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8.2. 323-350. This paper addresses some important issues raised by A TR harmony in Classical Manchu, formerly treated as front/back harmony. Here, the front high vowel [i] is totally inactive with respect to the harmony: it is transparent to the harmony, and further, it does not initiate the harmony. I will show that these properties of [i] will be properly explained if we allow underspecified [i] as an option for inputs and output candidate forms. Allowing underspecified [i] in fact accords more with basic notions of Optimality Theory (OT) such as Freedom of Analysis and Richness of the Base than the analyses that do not tolerate this possibility. I will further show that once we allow underspecified [i], its selection in output candidate forms or in input forms is totally governed by OT principles such as constraint interaction and Lexicon Optimization, respectively. (Hansung University)
Park, Jinbong,Jeon, Yong-Deok,Kim, Hye-Lin,Lim, Hara,Jung, Yunu,Youn, Dong-Hyun,Jeong, Mi-Young,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Su-Jin,Hong, Seung-Heon,Um, Jae-Young Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-
<P>Obesity has become a major health threat in developed countries. However, current medications for obesity are limited because of their adverse effects. Interest in natural products for the treatment of obesity is thus rapidly growing. Korean Medicine (KM) is characterized by the wide use of herbal formulas. However, the combination rule of herbal formulas in KM lacks experimental evidence. According to <I>Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica</I>, the earliest book of herbal medicine, <I>Veratrum nigrum</I> (VN) has antagonistic features against <I>Panax ginseng</I> (PG), and the PG-VN pair is strictly forbidden. In this study, we have shown the effects of PG, VN, and their combination on obesity in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice and in 3T3-L1 cells. PG, VN, and PG-VN combination significantly reduced weight gain and the fat pad weight in HF diet-induced obese mice. They also significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of two major adipogenesis factors, PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I>, in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, the PG-VN combination had synergistic effects compared with the mixture of extracts of PG and VN on inhibition of PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I> expressions at lower doses. These results indicate a new potential anti-obese pharmacotherapy and also provide scientific evidence supporting the usage of herbal combinations instead of mixtures in KM.</P>
Case Report : An Unusual Case of Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis
( Sang Hoon Lee ),( Dae Hyun Kim ),( Gun Hong Lee ),( Kyu Uang Whang ),( Jong Suk Lee ),( Young Lip Park ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.4
Dermal melanocytosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic melanocytes in the dermis. The most common forms include the Mongolian spot, blue nevus, nevus of Ota, and nevus of Ito. Some types of dermal melanocytosis do not fit into any of these morphologic categories, however. Our case demonstrated an extensive amount of uniform deep blue patches of nevi with unilateral distribution on the left face, neck, chest, shoulder, and back. On histopathologic examination, a number of elongated melanocytes scattered throughout the dermis were found. We herein report a case of congenital unilateral dermal melanocytosis. (Ann Dermatol 22(4) 460~462, 2010)
Gradient vowel cooccurrence restrictions in monomorphemic native Korean roots
Sung-Hoon Hong 한국음운론학회 2010 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.16 No.2
This paper presents evidence for gradient vowel cooccurrence restrictions holding in the monomorphemic roots of the native Korean words. Noting that vowel cooccurrence often emerges as a result of vowel harmony and vowel harmony was once active in Korean, I examine root-internal vowels to see if they conform to the general patterns of the vowel harmony. For this examination, I extract multisyllable words registered as monomorphemic and native in Pyo-jun-gug-eo-dai-sa-jeon (The National Institute of the Korean Language, 2001). I then measure the degree to which vowels occur together utilizing the metric of O/E, the ‘observed’ frequency divided by the ‘expected’ frequency (Pierrehumbert 1993). The O/E values obtained between two vowels in the first three syllables of the multisyllable words are compared to the possible and impossible patterns of the vowel harmony. The results show that although not absolute, vowel cooccurrence restrictions similar to those enforced by the vowel harmony hold in a gradient manner within a monomorphemic native root in Korean.
Case Report : A Case of Palmar Lichen Nitidus Presenting as a Clinical Feature of Pompholyx
( Sang Hoon Park ),( Sung Woo Kim ),( Tae Woo Noh ),( Kwang Cheol Hong ),( Yoo Seok Kang ),( Un Ha Lee ),( Hyun Su Park ),( Sang Jai Jang ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.2
Lichen nitidus (LN) is an uncommon chronic eruption of an unknown cause, and it is characterized by tiny, discrete, flesh-colored papules. The sites of predilection are the genitalia, trunk and extremities. Unilateral palmar involvement with pruritus is infrequent. We report here on a case of LN confined to the right palm, and the patient presented with multiple, pruritic, erythematous to flesh-colored, tiny papules and vesicles that mimicked pompholyx. The histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen showed the typical findings of LN. (Ann Dermatol 22(2) 235~237, 2010)
( Hong Jin Yoon ),( Yong Hoon Kim ),( Jie Hyun Kim ),( Yong Chan Lee ),( Hyunki Kim ),( Hoguen Kim ),( Jae Jun Park ),( Young Hoon Youn ),( Hyojin Park ),( Sung Hoon Noh ),( Seung Ho Choi ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1
Background: Mixed histology has been reported to show more aggressive behavior than other histologies in early gastric cancer (EGC). We also reported that signet ring cell (SRC) mixed histology showed more submucosal invasion and higher lymph node metastasis (LNM) than others. However, there are no individual criteria for endoscopic resection (ER) in mixed histology. The aim of study was to investigate whether new criteria for mixed histology is necessary for ER in EGC. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2012, 3,419 patients with EGC underwent surgery. Lesions were classifi ed into three histological classifi cations: Japanese classi- fi cation, WHO classifi cation including SRC mixed histology, and Lauren classifi cation. Mixed type in Lauren classifi cation was reclassifi ed into four types according to the proportion of differentiated and undifferentiated components. Clinicopathologic characteristics were compared according to histological classifi cations, special reference to ER criteria. Results: 179 (5.2%) lesions were classified as mixed type in Lauren classification. Among them, 54 (30.2%) lesions were differentiated-predominant mixed type. 361 (10.6%) lesions were classifi ed as SRC mixed histology. Mixed type lesions in Lauren classifi cation and SRC mixed lesions were signifi cantly associated with larger size and higher LNM than others. Among the lesions meeting ER criteria, 20 and 55 lesions were categorized into mixed type in Lauren classifi cation and SRC mixed histology, respectively. However, there was no LNM among the lesions recategorized into mixed histology. Conclusions: Mixed histology in EGC showed higher LNM than other histologies. However, there was no LNM among the lesions meeting the present ER criteria.