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Beneficial and adverse effects of toad venom, a traditional Oriental medicine
Xie Jing-Tian,Maleckar Spring A.,Yuan Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2002 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.2 No.1
Toad venom, 'Chan su' in Chinese and 'somso' in Korean, is a well-known traditional oriental medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of the toad. Formulations of toad venom have been widely applied in China, Japan, Korea and other oriental countries for a long time. It is often found in traditional Chinese formulations, such as Jiuxin (or Kyushin in Japan), Yixin, Huoxin, Shexiang baoxin wan, Lu shen wan and Laryngitis pills. According to a pharmaceutical chemistry study, toad venom contains multiple biological active substances, such as bufalin, resibufogenin and cinobufagin. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that toad venom has multiple pharmacological actions, including acting as a cardiotonic, antitumor local anesthetic effects, stimulates the respiratory center, vasopressor action, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects. Like other medications, toad venom also has certain toxicity and adverse effects, for example, inducing delayed afterdepolarization and triggered arrhythmia. The major chemical constituents, basic pharmacological actions and adverse reactions of toad venom are discussed in this article.
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Spring Su 서울대학교 교육연구소 2012 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.13 No.1
The reemergence and growth of private higher education institutions (HEIs) represent one of the most significant developments in Chinese higher education over recent decades. Against a macroeconomic background of decentralization, this phenomenon is essentially fuelled by a broad spectrum of political and socioeconomic forces. This study sets out with the primary aim of discussing the current policy environment constraints faced by different types of private HEIs based upon a theoretical framework of property ownership rights. This is undertaken through a comparative analysis with HEIs in the United States, as well as case studies on three different types of private HEIs in China (accredited private universities, independent colleges and Sino-foreign colleges). Recommendations are offered on the key issues aimed at overcoming the difficulties encountered by such institutions; these include transfer rights, income rights, government subsidies, access to bank loans and tax-exempted social donations. The government in China has adopted an incremental approach to the regulation of the private higher education sector, thereby providing ad hoc solutions to problems encountered along the way; however, within a mutually understood framework of action, a system of clear property ownership rights is essential to the practical coordination of the activities of the economic actors.
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Development of off–on fluorescent probes for heavy and transition metal ions
Xu, Zhaochao,Han, Su Jung,Lee, Chongmok,Yoon, Juyoung,Spring, David R. Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Chemical communications Vol.46 No.10
<P>A carbonyl group was positioned between 1,8-naphthalimide and di-2-picolylamine (DPA) and played a key role of displaying fluorescence enhancements with heavy and transition metal (HTM) ions through increasing the oxidation potential of the fluorophore, blocking HTM ions from sterically interacting with the naphthalimide fluorophore, and by acting as a sacrificial donor.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A sensor, with a carbonyl group between di-2-picolylamine (metal receptor) and 1,8-naphthalimide (fluorophore), is reported to display the strategies required for developing off–on fluorescent probes for heavy and transition metal ions. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b924503k'> </P>
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Is ginseng free from adverse effects?
Xie, Jing-Tian,Mehendale, Sangeeta R.,Maleckar, Spring A.,Yuan, Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2002 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.2 No.2
Ginseng is a perennial herb widely used in China, Japan, and Korea. It is also one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the U.S. Although it is generally considered safe to use, adverse effects associated with ginseng use have been reported. Inappropriate ginseng use, such as high dose administration, may cause insomnia, headaches, diarrhea, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine disorders. Other factors that may contribute to adverse effects of ginseng include the variety of ginseng species, variability in commercial ginseng preparations, and potential ginseng-drug interactions. To minimize adverse effects of ginseng, consumers should be advised to use it appropriately, and the herbal industry should try to provide standardized ginseng preparations.
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Resibufogenin induces cardiac arrhythmia
Xie, Jing-Tian,Mehandale, Sangeeta R.,Malechar, Spring A.,Yuan, Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2003 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.3 No.2
Resibufogenin is a single compound isolated from the skin venom gland of the toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans cantor). Formulations containing toad venom have been widely used as complementary and alternative medicines. However, like digitalis, resibufogenin possesses both pharmacological and toxicological activities. Our previous data indicated that resibufogenin induces electro-toxicity, including delayed afterdepolarization and triggered arrhythmias at high concentration, both in cardiac fiber in vitro and in beating heart in vivo.
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