대학생의 노인복지에 대한 인식도

차병준,김무룡,김기열,차경미,김귀희,김현실,서인선,임상규,이순자,위광복,남철현 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 1999 保健福祉硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study is to grasp the change of consciousness of young people in order to seek new approach of policy for aged era. 1,200 students attending collages and universities in three small or medium sized cities were inquired for 2 months, from October 1 to November 30, 1996. The result is as follows. 1. The characteristic of the respondents of this survey is that they include 72.1% of women, 40.4% of people aged between 20 to 21, and 49.1% of people who do not have any religion. Those who are from big cities and those who are form farming villages or fishing village occupy equally 40.2%, those who reside in that cities for a long period 49.0%, and those who live with their family 60.9%. 2. The family feature of the subject is that 31.5% of them are those whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, 10% of them are those whose mothers age is so, 33.1% of them have 5 family members, 29.5% of them have the family income of 1,000,000 to 1,490,000 won, 83.9% of them are from middle class, 47.7% of them are the people whose grand parents have passed away, 70.4% of them live apart from their grand parents, and 60.9% of them are second child. 3. 64.0% of males, 70% of respondents who are aged over 24, 58.1% of respondents who are from rural communities, 62.4% of respondents who live in rural area, and 58.3% of respondents who live alone, prefer to live with grand parents, marked higher rate than other groups. The groups whose father and mother are the age of more than 55 marked higher rate of 55.9% and 58% each than any other groups(p<0.05). The groups whose family member is less than three, whose grand parents both have passed away in middle class, who live with their grand parents, and who are second children, give more positive answers than any other groups. 4. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from rural area or live in rural area, whose family is small, whose family income is small, who are from lower class and whose grand parents are still alive, shows preference to support their parents after marriage. 5. Females(89.4%), those who are from small or medium sized cities(89%), who live with their family(85.6%), whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, whose mother is the age of 54 and less than 54, whose family member is 6, who are from middle class, whose grandparents are still alive and who are the eldest child in their family, give more response that they prefer to live apart from their children in their old age than any other groups. 6. What elderly people need most right now is past time(42.3%), and the respondents whose age is 20 to 21, who are buddhists, who are from middle sized cities and live alone, whose parents are the age of more than 55, who have small family income, who live with their grand parents and who are second children show higher level than any other groups. 7. 76.8% of respondents answer that they do not need their parent's fortune, marked still higher rate than the opposite answer. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from big cities, who reside in rural area, who live alone and have smaller family, who are in bad family economic conditions and who live with grand parents present higher rate of positive response. 8. 59.3% of respondents reply that they think about death from time to time, and those who are female, who are in the age of 20 to 21, who are christian, who live with their family, whose siblings or other family members offer their education expenses show higher rate than any other groups. 9. 92.3% of respondents answer that the budget for welfare facility for elderly people is very small. The younger the respondents are and the worse economic condition they have among those who live in big cities, the more answered that. 10. 50% of respondents think social security should provide for their old age, and 42.8% of them believe they themselves provide against it. The respondence that social security ought provide for it appeared more among those whose age are over 24, who are female, who reside in rural area, who are christian, who are in bad economic condition, and who ever used medical institutions in recent one month, marked higher level than other groups. 11. The adequate time of retirement is 59.97±5.60 for public officers, the highest and 59.28±6.35 for teachers, the next. 12. 35.2% of respondents reply that the adequate budget for the old age after their retirement at the age of 60 is 220 million won, showed the highest level of respondence. 13. The factors which affect on the old people in the charged welfare facilities are sex(p<0.01), the type of housing(p<0.05) and whole family income(p<0.05). 14. The factors which affect on remarriage are sex(p<0.05) and religion(p<0.05). For varying old population and expanded welfare service for them, government and relevant authority should give more attention to secure the budget, establish effective plans to expand various program and the facilities for elderly people in order that elderly people spend the rest of life time more happily and more fruitfully. To do that, each college and university should open Health courses, and educate and inform about health and welfare.

Ternary blends to achieve well-developed nanoscale morphology in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells

Cha, Hyojung,Park, Chan Eon,Kwon, Soon-Ki,An, Tae Kyu Elsevier 2017 Organic electronics Vol.45 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Two alkoxynaphthalene-based conjugated polymers, poly((5,5-E-alpha-((2-thienyl)methylene)-2-thiophene)-alt-2,6-[(1,5-didecyloxy)naphthalene])) (PBTDN) and poly((5,5-E-alpha-((2-thienyl)methylene)-2-thiopheneacetonitrile)-alt-2,6-[(1,5-didecyloxy)naphthalene])) (PBTADN), are used as second electron donor materials in a poly(4,8-bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b′)dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyloyl)-thieno(3,4-b)thiophene))-2,6-diyl):[6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>71</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester (PBDTTT-C: PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM) binary blend for organic ternary solar cells. The PBTADN:PBDTTT-C:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blends yields complementary absorption spectra as well as a better molecular structure ordering and more balanced charge mobility, which together provided excellent charge transport properties with reduced recombination compared to the PBTDN:PBDTTT-C: PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blends. The optimized PBTADN:PBDTTT-C: PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend solar cells yield higher fill factor (FF) values and better efficiencies compared to the PBDTTT-C: PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM binary blend solar cells. The best photovoltaic performances in the PBTADN:PBDTTT-C:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend solar cells are characterized by a current density (<I>J</I> <SUB>SC</SUB>) of 16.3 mAcm<SUP>−2</SUP>, an open circuit voltage (<I>V</I> <SUB>OC</SUB>) of 0.73 V, a FF of 53.3%, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.9% under AM1.5G illumination. The use of a processing additive, 3 vol% of 1,3-diiodopropane (DIP), increases the PCEs of the organic ternary solar cells to values as high as 7.2% with a high FF of 59.1%.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We investigated the effects of an alkoxy naphthalene polymer in ternary solar cells. </LI> <LI> The ternary blend active layer to provide a broader and stronger absorption spectrum. </LI> <LI> The ternary blend active layer formed a highly ordered molecular packing structure. </LI> <LI> The PL analysis and an EQE value supported the effects of the ternary solar cells. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

A side chain-modified quaterthiophene derivative for enhancing the performance of organic solar cell devices

Cha, Hyojung,Park, Jong Won,Chung, Dae Sung,An, Tae Kyu,Kim, Yun-Hi,Kwon, Soon-Ki,Park, Chan Eon The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.30

<P>A conjugated polymer donor material, poly(3,4′′′-di(decylthiophenyl)quaterthiophene) (PDTQT), featuring decylthiophenyl side chains on the polymer backbone, was introduced to reduce the crystallinity of poly(quaterthiophene) (PQT-C12) layers in organic photovoltaic cells. The resulting PDTQT:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend active layer formed a well-interpenetrated nanoscale morphology that increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) relative to devices based on highly crystalline PQT-C12. Bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated using the PDTQT:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend thin films yielded the best photovoltaic performances with a high short-circuit current density of 9.8 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, a high open-circuit voltage of 0.91 V, a fill factor of 0.36, and a high PCE of 3.2% under AM 1.5G illumination with an intensity of 100 mW cm<SUP>−2</SUP>. Decylthiophenyl side chain substitution appeared to be an effective strategy for obtaining high organic photovoltaic cell device performances.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A conjugated polymer donor material, poly(3,4′′′-di(decylthiophenyl)quaterthiophene) (PDTQT), featuring decylthiophenyl side chains on the polymer backbone, was introduced to reduce the crystallinity of poly(quaterthiophene) (PQT-C12) layers in organic photovoltaic cells. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm32354k'> </P>

韓國人의 食品 및 飮料水의 Sodium, Chloride, Potassium의 含有量과 그 撮取에 關한 硏究

車景玉,徐舜圭 우석대학교 의과대학 1970 우석의대잡지 Vol.7 No.1

To estimate the dietary intake of sodium, chloride and potassium among Koreans, the sodium, chloride and potassium in korean foods and well-water as well as the optimum salty taste were measured and following results were obtained. 1. The korean home-made soy-bean sauce contained salt of average 24.8g/dl ranging 18.3-28.1g/dl, potassium of average 0.36g/dl ranging 0.18-0.63g/dl; home made soy-bean paste contained salt of average 14.1g/100g ranging 6.4-19.6g/100g, potassium of average 0.26g/100g ranging 0.12-0.58g/100g; home made red-pepper paste contained salt of average 10g/100g ranging 5.9-17.4g/100g, potassium of average 0.46g/100g ranging 0.11-0.77g/100g and korean cabbage kimchi contained salt of average 2.54g/100g ranging 1.08-5.75g/100g. Several other kinds of foods were also measured. 2. One day's total diet for Woo Sok University Hospital employee contained 14.78g of salt in average and 25.63g of salt in one day's total died for Seoul City Hospital employee. Daily dietary intake of salt in 11 doctors was 11.5g in average ranging 8.5-17.6g. 3. Well water in Seoul City contained sodium of average 2.15mEq/L and salt of average 123 5㎎/L. The well-water in mountine area of Choongchung Nam Do contained 26-45.5㎎/L of salt and 159.75-215.75㎎/L of salt in the littoral area. 4. The optimum salty taste of Korean was tested in 280 normal person. The optimum salty taste were 0.5% salt concentration of 3% starch solution in 50% of persons, 0.25% salt concentration in 29.3% of persons and 0.75% salt concentration in 12.9% of persons. 5. The dietary intake of salt of Korean in a day is considered to be about 20g in average ranging 10-25g. Since the range of daily salt intake is wide, it is considered to be convenient to devide the salt daily intake into the two groups, namely an average korean diet may contain 10-20g of salt in a day and a salty Korean diet may contain 21-25g of salt in a day.

Tcea3 regulates the vascular differentiation potential of mouse embryonic stem cells.

Cha, Young,Heo, Sun-Hee,Ahn, Hee-Jin,Yang, Seong Kyu,Song, Ji-Hwan,Suh, Wonhee,Park, Kyung-Soon Chicago Medical School Press 2013 Gene expression Vol.16 No.1

<P>Tcea3 is present in high concentrations in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and functions to activate Lefly1, a negative regulator of Nodal signaling. The Nodal pathway has numerous biological activities, including mesoderm induction and patterning in early embryogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the suppression of Tcea3 in mESCs shifts the cells from pluripotency into enhanced mesoderm development. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and VEGFC, major transcription factors that regulate vasculogenesis, are activated in Tcea3 knocked down (Tcea3 KD) mESCs. Moreover, differentiating Tcea3 KD mESCs have perturbed gene expression profiles with suppressed ectoderm and activated mesoderm lineage markers. Most early differentiating Tcea3 KD cells expressed Brachyury-T, a mesoderm marker, whereas control cells did not express the gene. Finally, development of chimeric embryos that included Tcea3 KD mESCs was perturbed.</P>

Halobellus rufus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from non-purified solar salt

Cha, In-Tae,Yim, Kyung June,Song, Hye Seon,Lee, Hae-Won,Hyun, Dong-Wook,Kim, Kil-Nam,Seo, Myung-Ji,Kim, Daekyung,Choi, Jong-Soon,Lee, Sung-Jae,Bae, Jin-Woo,Rhee, Sung-Keun,Choi, Hak-Jong,Rhee, Jin-Kyu Springer-Verlag 2014 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Vol.105 No.5

Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride-Dimethyl Sulfide Complex with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups : Comparison of the Reducing Characteristics of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride and Its Dimethyl Sulfide Complex

Cha, Jin Soon,Jeong, Min Kyu,Kwon, Oh Oun,Lee, Keung Dong,Lee, Hyung Soo 대구효성가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 1994 基礎科學硏究論集 Vol.1994 No.1

The approximate rate and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess diisobutylaluminum hydbide-dimethyl sulfide complex(DIBAH-SMe_2)with organic compounds containing representative functional group under standardized conditions(tol-uene, 0℃)were examined in order to define the reducing characterstics of the reagent and to compare the reducing power with DIBAH itself. In general, the reducing action of the complex is similar to that of DIBAH. However, the reducing power of the complex is weaker than that of DIBAH. All of the active hydrogen compounds including alcohols, amines, and thiols evolve hydrogen slowly. Aldehydes and ketones are reduced readily and quantitatively to give the corresponding alcohols. However, DIBAH-SMe_2 reduces carboxylic acids at a faster rate than DIBAH alone to the corresponding alcohols with a partial evolution of hydrogen. Similarly, acid chlorides, esters, and epoxides are readily reduced to the corresponding alcohols, but the reduction rate is much slower than that of DIBAH alone. Both primary aliphatic and aromatic amides examined evolve 1 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and are reduced slowly to the amines. Tertiary amides readily utilize 2 equiv of hydride for reduction. Nitriles consume 1 equiv of hydride rapidly but further hydride uptake is quit slow. Nitro compounds, azobenzene, and azoxybenzene are reduced moder-ately. Cyclohexanone oxime liberates ca. 0.8 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and is reduced to the N-hydroxylamine stage. Phenyl isocyanate is rapidly reduced to the mnine stage, but further hydride uptake is quite sluggish. Pyridine reacts at a moderate rate with an yptake of one hydride in 48h, while pyridine N-oxide reacts rapidly with consumption of 2 equiv of hydride for reduction in 6th. Similarly, disulfides and sulfoxide are readily reduced, whereas sulfide, sulfone, and sulfonic acid are insert to this reagent under these reaction conditions.

Effects of Cyano-Substituents on the Molecular Packing Structures of Conjugated Polymers for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Cha, Hyojung,Kim, Hyoung Nam,An, Tae Kyu,Kang, Moon Sung,Kwon, Soon-Ki,Kim, Yun-Hi,Park, Chan Eon American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.18

<P>The molecular packing structures of two conjugated polymers based on alkoxy naphthalene, one with cyano-substituents and one without, have been investigated to determine the effects of electron-withdrawing cyano-groups on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The substituted cyano-groups facilitate the self-assembly of the polymer chains, and the cyano-substituted polymer:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend exhibits enhanced exciton dissociation to PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM. Moreover, the electron-withdrawing cyano-groups lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the conjugated polymer, which leads to a higher open circuit voltage (<I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB>) and a lower energy loss during electron transfer from the donor to the acceptor. A bulk-heterojunction device fabricated with the cyano-substituted polymer:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend has a higher <I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB> (0.89 V), a higher fill factor (FF) (51.4%), and a lower short circuit current (<I>J</I><SUB>SC</SUB>) (7.4 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) than that of the noncyano-substituted polymer:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend under AM 1.5G illumination with an intensity of 100 mW cm<SUP>–2</SUP>. Thus, the cyano-substitution of conjugated polymers may be an effective strategy for optimizing the domain size and crystallinity of the polymer:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend, and for increasing <I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB> by tuning the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the conjugated polymer.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-18/am502795y/production/images/medium/am-2014-02795y_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am502795y'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Activation of TRPC6 Channel Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cell Aggravates Liver Fibrosis

( Kyu-hee Hwang ),( Ji-hee Kim ),( Soo-jin Kim ),( Ranjan Das ),( Soon Koo Baik ),( Moon Young Kim ),( Kyu-sang Park ),( Seung-kuy Cha ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation responded to injury is the major cause of hepatic fibrosis, activation of which has been linked with diverse Gaq-coupled receptors such as angiotensin II and endothelin- 1 receptors. Gaq-coupled receptors are linked to phospholipase C-b activation leading to Ca2+ influx via TRPC channels. The Ca2+ signaling has been implicated either directly or indirectly in activation of HSCs causing de novo expression of a-smooth muscle actin (aSMA) and/or profibrotic ligand TGFb. However, the molecular identity and underlying mechanism of TRPC channels involving HSC activation remain unexplored. Methods: To examine the molecular identity and underlying mechanism for TRPC channels involving hepatic fibrosis, we developed the hepatic fibrosis in vivo animal models using bile duct ligation and thioacetamide and HSC activation in vitro model using isolated primary HSCs. Transgenic overexpression of TRPC6 in mouse liver was performed using hydrodynamic gene delivery by tail vein. Results: Notably, among TRPC sub-family, TRPC6 was a major Ca2+ influx mechanism in HSCs, and expression of which was significantly elevated in the hepatic fibrosis animal models and in activated HSCs. Fibrotic changes were ameliorated by inhibition targeting TRPC6 in fibrotic liver and activated HSCs in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, transgenic overexpression of TRPC6 in mice induced de novo expression of aSMA supporting that TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ influx may involve in HSC activation leading to hepatic fibrosis. Conclusions: Our data demonstrates that exaggerated expression and/or activity of TRPC6 initiates HSC activation and aggravates fibrotic changes. These results, thus, provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and may provide clues for treating the cirrhosis. [This research was supported by NRF-2015R- 1D1A1A01060454]

Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride-Dimethyl Sulfide Complex with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups. Comparison of the Reducing Characteristics of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride and Its Dimethyl Sulfide Complex

Cha, Jin-Soon,Jeong, Min-Kyu,Kwon, Oh-Oun,Lee, Keung-Dong,Lee, Hyung-Soo Korean Chemical Society 1994 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.15 No.10

The approximate rate and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess diisobutylaluminum hydride-dimethyl sulfide complex($DIBAH-SMe_2$) with organic compounds containing representative functional group under standardized conditions (toluene, $0{\circ}C$) were examined in order to define the reducing characterstics of the reagent and to compare the reducing power with DIBAH itself. In general, the reducing action of the complex is similar to that of DIBAH. However, the reducing power of the complex is weaker than that of DIBAH. All of the active hydrogen compounds including alcohols, amines, and thiols evolve hydrogen slowly. Aldehydes and ketones are reduced readily and quantitatively to give the corresponding alcohols. However, $DIBAH-SMe_2$ reduces carboxylic acids at a faster rate than DIBAH alone to the corresponding alcohols with a partial evolution of hydrogen. Similarly, acid chlorides, esters, and epoxides are readily reduced to the corresponding alcohols, but the reduction rate is much slower than that of DIBAH alone. Both primary aliphatic and aromatic amides examined evolve 1 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and are reduced slowly to the amines. Tertiary amides readily utilize 2 equiv of hydride for reduction. Nitriles consume 1 equiv of hydride rapidly but further hydride uptake is quite slow. Nitro compounds, azobenzene, and azoxybenzene are reduced moderately. Cyclohexanone oxime liberates ca. 0.8 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and is reduced to the N-hydroxylamine stage. Phenyl isocyanate is rapidly reduced to the imine stage, but further hydride uptake is quite sluggish. Pyridine reacts at a moderate rate with an uptake of one hydride in 48 h, while pyridine N-oxide reacts rapidly with consumption of 2 equiv of hydride for reduction in 6h. Similarly, disulfides and sulfoxide are readily reduced, whereas sulfide, sulfone, and sulfonic acid are inert to this reagent under these reaction conditions.