용성진종(龍城震鍾)의 승단개혁운동(僧團改革運動) - 시대적 배경을 중심으로 -

이수창 ( Lee Soo-chang ) 동국대학교 전자불전문화콘텐츠연구소 2016 전자불전 Vol.18 No.-

This study investigates the Buddhist Sangha reformation movement of Yongseong and its development with a consideration of circumstances during his lifetime. The life of Yongseong was solely given to the implementation of Supreme Enlightenment. In order to realize this goal, he asserted all Buddhists should practice three guidelines for edification. These are making Buddhism as everyday life, popularization of Buddhism and intellectualization of Buddhism. Here the last guideline is mainly focused in terms of Yongseong`s reformation. The period when Yongseong lived was from the Joseon Dynasty, which was changed into the Korean Empire later, to the Japanese colonial rule. He lived through a gloomy era for the whole Korean nation. Besides, the period was going through great changes in almost every sector including politics, economy, society and culture. In the history of Korean Buddhism, this period is called `modern Buddhism` and Yongseong lived in this period of upheaval. In the era of modern Korean Buddhism, crisis and opportunity coexisted. Modern Korean Buddhism had an opportunity of new development by overcoming the Joseon Kingdom`s policy of Buddhism suppression. At the same time, it faced a crisis as the Japanese Buddhism landed on the Korean Peninsula and Christianity expanded. By using the chance, Buddhist monks of this period tried to revive Joseon Buddhism which had suffered a serious decline. The existing Buddhism, they thought, failed to adapt to the rapidly changing age. In this context, a modern Buddhism reformation movement emerged. The reformation movement revealed two characteristics in those years. One is a reflection on the traditional aspect of the Buddhist Sangha and the other is a strong practical belief to pursue a new form of existence. The former began with the recognition of the Joseon Buddhist community that should be changed. And the latter was based on the idea of the then incompetent Buddhist Sangha which must adopt new Western civilization to develop itself abreast of the times. But the reformation ideas from the Buddhist leaders of the period were not intended to return to the pure Sangha, but rather to accelerate its secularization. On the contrary, the Sangha reformation movement of Yongseong concentrated on new edification activities by keeping the traditions of Joseon Buddhism through a purification of the Buddhist community, not by means of its secularization and blocking out any foreign influences. In other words, Yongseong meditated in anguish how to regain the sovereignty of Korea and to restore the identity ofwas the idea of `Supreme Enlightenment.` With this idea, Yongseong made every effort to establish the identity of Joseon Buddhism and to develop edifying campaigns proper to the period. For this purpose, reformation was a must. Yongseong`s reformation campaigns were implemented in diverse ways. Representative reformation movements among them were the Sangha purification campaign, Dharma revival campaign, Buddhist ceremony reformation movement, and Zen-agriculture Buddhist movement. Buddhist ceremony reformation and Zen-agriculture Buddhist movements were meant to implement edification activities suitable for the times. And these were not possible without the praying power of Bodhisattva. In short, Yongseong`s whole life was dedicated to the restoration of the nation and Buddhism. He devoted all his capacity to the independence of Korea and revival of Buddhism. Though he suffered a hard prison life during the Japanese colonial rule, he alone strove to restore national sovereignty and Joseon Buddhism. He was a national teacher of his time. Buddhism. His earnest wish was to protect the nation and Buddhism. An alternative he suggested to solve these two tasks once and for all was the idea of `Supreme Enlightenment.` With this idea, Yongseong made every effort to establish the identity of Joseon Buddhism and to develop edifying campaigns proper to the period. For this purpose, reformation was a must. Yongseong`s reformation campaigns were implemented in diverse ways. Representative reformation movements among them were the Sangha purification campaign, Dharma revival campaign, Buddhist ceremony reformation movement, and Zen-agriculture Buddhist movement. Buddhist ceremony reformation and Zen-agriculture Buddhist movements were meant to implement edification activities suitable for the times. And these were not possible without the praying power of Bodhisattva. In short, Yongseong`s whole life was dedicated to the restoration of the nation and Buddhism. He devoted all his capacity to the independence of Korea and revival of Buddhism. Though he suffered a hard prison life during the Japanese colonial rule, he alone strove to restore national sovereignty and Joseon Buddhism. He was a national teacher of his time.

낮은 자기 통제력이 경찰 문제행위에 미치는 영향 : 기회요인의 조절효과 분석

이수창 ( Lee Soo-chang ),장철영 ( Jang Cheol-yeung ),양원규 ( Yang Won-kyu ) 한국융합과학회 2016 한국융합과학회지 Vol.5 No.4

Purpose: This study is to investigate a moderated effect of opportunity in the causal relationship between low self-control and police misconduct. In line with this perspective, this study includes impulsivity, simple task, risk seeking, physical activity, self-centered, and temper as variables for low self-control and absence of supervision and proximity to motivated offender as ones for opportunity in predicting effects on police misconduct. Method: This study employs a survey questionnaire to evaluate the moderated effect of opportunity in the causal relationship that low self-control has influence on police misconduct. A 39-item survey questionnaire was administered to 400 police officers in Daegu metropolitan city and Gyeongsangbuk-Do province. The research data are analyzed by using four statistical methods: factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and moderated multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: As the result of analysis, low self-control and opportunity has a positive effect on police misconduct. Absence of supervision of opportunity has a moderated effect in the causal relationship between low self-control and police misconduct, proximity to motivated offender is not. The analytical results show that police organizations should establish alternatives for enhancing supervision on police officers` works without violating privacy.

比丘尼 八敬法에 대한 考察

李秀昌(Lee Soo-chang) 불교학연구회 2006 불교학연구 Vol.15 No.-

This paper aims at a close examination of the following issues: What was the historical background of the enactment of bhikkhun?"s a??ha garudhamm??; What significance did it have in its own historical context: and how shall we deal with it in the present age? Bhikkhun?"s a??ha garudhamm? seems to have been enacted by the Buddha himself on the condition that women should be permitted to enter the Buddhist Sa?gha. A??ha garudhamm? was clearly stated in p?cittiy? of bhikkhun?-s?la as well as in the Vinaya-pi?aka and the Sutta-pi?aka of each the Buddhist sects. This means that a??ha garudhamm? had already taken effect before the sectarian division of the Buddhist Order. Extant a??ha garudhamm? however is not believed to be the same as the one first enacted by the Buddha. The contents of A??ha garudhamm? in the Vinaya-pi?akas of various Buddhist sects do not completely correspond to each other and some passages are thought to have been inserted in later periods. Buddha thought that women also could reach the arahatta-phala through meditation practice (bh?van?). On the other hand, he could not but take into consideration some problems that might accompany his decision to allow women to join Sa?gha. He therefore prepared such a regulation as a??ha garudhamm?. Social systems and regulations of a religious group, as well as those of other social groups, cannot but be designed on the basis of worldly concerns in many respects. One of the concerns is the difference of gender. Although gender difference has nothing to do with the religious truth and ideal of Buddhism, the Buddhist Sa?gha could not disregard it in designing its regulations. A??ha garudhamm? was based upon the social and cultural background of India at that time, not upon the ultimate Buddhist truth and ideal. In short, a??ha garudhamm? was the product of the particular period. The status of women in India was fluctuated with the passage of time. In general, the feminine status was enhanced when Buddhism thrived. When Brahmanism gained power, however, it declined. It cannot be denied that the standing of bhikkhun? in the Buddhist Sa?gha also was greatly affected by the social customs and conventions of each period. Bhikkhun?"s a??ha garudhamm? certainly had some raison d’?tre under the conditions of the particular period of its establishment. The situation today is completely different in many respects from those days, especially in regard to public security. Bhikkhun?"s a??ha garudhamm?, however, cannot be simply repealed right now. As a??ha garudhamm? was clearly expressed in p?cittiy? of bhikkhun?-s?la and originated in the ubhato-sa?gha system, a??ha garudhamm? will still hold good as far as the ubhato-sa?gha system exists in the Buddhist Sa?gha. We should not disregard the fact that a??ha garudhamm? was established because Bhikkhun? Sa?gha could not survive in itself. Finally, in order to overcome such a cultural practice of sexual discrimination against women as a??ha garudhamm?, social recognition of women should be improved first of all, for even Buddhist monks and nuns cannot but be influenced by it. If the status of women in the larger society is improved and their roles expand, their status and role in the Buddhist Sa?gha will also be naturally elevated. Premature measures regarding the status of Bhikkhun?s in Sa?gha may lead to conflicts between Bhikkhu and Bhikkhun?, and it will never contribute to the development of Buddhism. It goes without saying that Bhikkhu and Bhikkhun? Sa?ghas should maintain a relationship of mutual cooperation.

地籍紛爭의 原因과 對策에 관한 硏究 : 國民苦衷處理委員會의 地籍民願을 中心으로

이수창(Lee Soo Chang),이범관(Lee Beom Gwan) 한국지적학회 2004 한국지적학회지 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 국민고충처리위윈회에 접수 · 처리된 지적민원의 실태를 조사 · 분석하고, 이를 토대로 지적분쟁의 원인과 대책을 제시하는 것이다. 이상과 같은 연구목적을 효율적으로 달성하기 위해 연구범위를 시간적으로는 2003년 1월 1일부터 2003년 12월 31일까지로 하고, 공간적으로는 국민고층처리위원회를 중심으로 하며, 내용적으로는 국민고충처리위원회에 접수된 민원 중 지적민원 108건을 대상으로 한정하였다. 이상을 연구하기 위한 조사방법으로는 법률적 접근방법을 사용하고 조사방법은 문헌조사법과 사례조사법을 병행하며, 분석방법은 記述的分析法을 사용하였다. 분석결과, 지적분쟁의 원인으로는 법규의 위반, 지적공부 등록내용의 불일치, 도상경계와 점유경계 불일치로 나타났으며, 이에 대한 대책으로는 현행 지적분쟁 중재기관 개선, ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) 시스템 도입, 현실 · 지상경계의 법정경계화 등으로 제시되었다. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the actual condition of public resentment sent to the Ombudsman of Korea and based on the above, propose the cause and countermeasure of cadastral dissputes. In order to efficiently accomplish the purpose of the study as above, it was planned to perform it from Jan 1, 2003 to December 31, 2003 in terms of time and to focus on the Ombudsman of Korea in terms of space and to limit the subject to 108 cases out of the cases submitted to the Ombudsman of Korea. There are used the legal access method for the study methodology, the literature and case method for the survey methodology, the descriptive analysis for the analysis methodology. As a result, the cause of cadastral dispute is from the legal contravention, wrong registrations and the difference between boundaries of real estates and estates on the map Countermeasures for these are to improve the present arbitration organization for cadastral dispute. introduce ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) system, and establishment of the real and ground boundary.

경찰 문제행위 영향요인 분석

이수창 ( Soo Chang Lee ),정우열 ( Woo Yeol Jeong ),장철영 ( Cheol Yeung Jang ) 한국시큐리티융합경영학회 2015 한국융합과학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Purpose: This study puts an effort to analyze the association between police organizational and environmental factors and police misconduct. In line with this perspective, this study includes formalization, spatial differentiation, centralization, job characteristics of police department, educational level for job, and field training hours as variables for organizational characteristics factors and community disorder and community disorganization as variables for environmental factors in predicting police misconduct. Method: This study employs a survey questionnaire to evaluate the impact of organizational characteristics factors and environmental factors on police misconduct. A 21-item survey questionnaire was administered to 500 police officers in Daegu, Busan, and Ulsan metropolitan city. The research data are analyzed by using four statistical methods: factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Conclusion: As the result of analysis, spatial differentiation, centralization, job characteristics of police department, and community disorder have a positive effect on police misconduct. These results not only highlight the importance of organizational structure and environment in influencing police officer misconduct but they also suggest that a police organization has to explore effective ways that can contribute to attenuate the occurrence of police misconduct.

지방자치단체 공무원 규모 영향요인에 관한 연구

이수창(Soo Chang Lee),김광주(Kwang Ju Kim) 한국정부학회 2008 한국행정논집 Vol.20 No.3

본 연구는 대부분의 군 단위 기초자치단체에서 인구가 감소함에도 불구하고, 공무원 수가 증가하는 원인이 무엇인가를 행정수요 변화에 초점을 두고 밝혀보고자 한다. 즉 분석대상을 군의 인구증감 여부에 따라서 인구감소 군과 인구증가 군으로 구분하고, 군 공무원 규모증가에 영향을 미치는 공통 요인과 개별 요인을 규명하고자 한다. 분석결과에 따르면, 인구감소 군의 공무원 규모 증가요인으로는 행정구역 면적, 읍면 수, 보건시설 면적, 장애인 수, 생활폐기물배출량, 외국인 수로 나타났다. 그리고 인구증가 군의 공무원 규모 증가요인으로는 행정구역 면적, 문화시설 면적, 보건시설 면적, 생활폐기물배출량, 외국인 수로 확인되었다. 인구증감 여부와 상관없이 군의 공무원 규모증가에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 행정구역 면적, 보건시설 면적, 생활폐기물배출량, 그리고 외국인 수로 파악되었다. 한편 읍면 수와 장애인 수는 인구감소 군에서만 공무원 규모증가에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 인구증가 군의 경우에는 인구감소 군과는 달리 문화시설 면적만이 공무원 규모증가에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 확인되었다. 그리고 민원처리 건수, 생활보호대상자 수, 차량등록 수는 인구감소 군과 인구증가 군 모두에서 유의미한 공무원 규모증가 요인이 아닌 것으로 분석되었다. The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the factors affecting the size growth of local government employment in spite of decreasing population. The study utilizes the data of local public employees in 85 countries in Korea from 2002 to 2006. This study classifies counties into two groups: countries with increasing population (73 countries) and countries with decreasing population (12 countries). According to the empirical analysis on countries with decreasing population, the significant factors affecting the size of local government employment are the width of administrative district, the number of towns and villages, health facilities, the number of disabled people, emissions of household waste, and the number of foreigners. On the other hand, those of counties with increasing population are the width of administrative district, household waste, health facilities, area of cultural facilities, and the number of foreigners. These results imply that some factors affect the size of local government employment regardless of population increase or decrease in counties, while other factors increase and decrease the number of local public employees closely related to the increase and decrease of population.

MQ를 이용한 이종 데이터 연계를 위한 Message Packet 구조

이수창(Soo-Chang Lee),임승빈(Seung-Been Yim),김장현(Jang-Hyun Kim),노준석(Jun-Seok Roh),김진영(Jin-Young Kim) 대한전기학회 2022 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

사회적기업 활성화를 위한 중간지원조직의 역할 모색: 경북행복재단을 중심으로

이수창 ( Soo Chang Lee ) 영남대학교 한국균형발전연구소(구 영남대학교 영남지역발전연구소) 2013 한국균형발전연구 Vol.4 No.2

사회적기업의 활성화를 위한 네트워킹 구축은 사회적기업의 성장한계를 극복하고 성과를 창출할 수 있는 중요한 요인으로 언급되고 있다. 하지만 사회적기업 네트워킹의 중요성에도 불구하고 현실적으로 효과적인 네크워킹 구축활용은 그리 쉬운 문제는 아니다. 사회적기업의 재원, 전문 인력 등을 고려 할 때 이러한 네트워킹을 효율적으로 관리·유지하는데 사회적기업은 많은 한계점을 지니고 있음은 분명하다. 이런 문제점을 극복하기 위한 한 가지 방법은 사회적기업과 지역사회 협력·지원 주체들 간의 네트워크를 연결·지원할 수 있는 중간지원조직을 만드는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 경북지역 사회적기업의 활성화를 위해 협력·지원 주체들 간의 효과적인 네트워크 구축·운영의 필요성을 고려할 때 경북행복재단이 사회적기업을 위한 네트워크 중간지원조직으로서의 역할을 충분히 수행할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지역사회 사회적기업의 활성화를 위한 경북행복재단의 네트워크 중간지원조직으로서의 역할방안을 모색한다. Building network to develop social enterprise is the important factor for overcoming the development limitation of social enterprises and creating their performance. Regardless of the importance of social enterprise networking, it is not so easy to build and use networking for social enterprise. Building networking significantly depends on social enterprises` organizational capacities including budget, size, and expertise. All most of social enterprises have lots of limitation in terms of those capacities. With overcoming the limitation of building networking, the way that social enterprises can build a cooperative network with the local community`s supportive organizations is to create a mid-support organization. This study suggests that Gyeongbuk Happiness Foundation can play the role of mid-support organization and shows the role of Gyeongbuk Happiness Foundation in order to develop social enterprise.

검침 분야의 이종 데이터간 효율적인 연계를 위한 프로세스별 기능 정리에 관한 연구

이수창(Soo-Chang Lee),김장현(Jang-Hyun Kim),노준석(Jun-Seok Roh),김진영(Jin-Young Kim) 대한전기학회 2022 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.7

백용성의 『금강경』에 대한 이해

이수창 ( Lee Soo-chang ) 동국대학교 전자불전문화콘텐츠연구소 2017 전자불전 Vol.19 No.-

Back Yong-seong wrote three books on Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra. It seems that he dedicated himself to studying Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra from the age of 57 to 60. He left three different books on Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra and they have the following features. First, in Sinyuk Daejanggyung Gumganggyung-Ganguil (『新譯大藏 經金剛經講義』), the author exposited 112 sections after dividing the Sutra into 113 sections on the basis of the existing 32 parts. Second, Sinyuk Daejang Gumgang Maha-Prajnaparamita-sutra (『新譯大藏金剛摩 訶般若波羅蜜經』) added the author’s thoughts focused on Yefu-Daochuan (冶父道川, 1127-1130)’s theory among Hamhu-Duktong’s Gumgang Maha-Prajnaparamita-sutra Oga Haeseoleui (『金剛般若波羅蜜經五家解說誼』). Third, in Sangyuk Gwahae Gumgang-gyung (『詳譯科解金剛經』), Yong-seong newly explained Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra not being influenced by both the existing 32 parts and Oga Haeseoleui. In comparing these three kinds of Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra books, we can verify that Yong-seong’s understanding of Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra grew gradually deepened. The fact that Yong-seong wrote three different books on Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra means his level of understanding of the Sutra developed. When we discuss a person’s thought, it is commonly accepted to judge through his last book or article. Because the person’s thought becomes more elaborated and elevated with the passage of time. In this respect, it is needless to say that Yong-seong’s understanding of Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita-sutra should be based on his third book Sangyuk Gwahae Gumgang-gyung.