대행선에 관한 일고 -『한마음 요전』을 중심으로

강문선(혜원)(Kang, Moon-Seon(Ven, Hye-Won)) 대행선연구원 2018 한마음연구 Vol.1 No.-

This thesis aims at investigating the course of truth seeking Venerable Myogong Daehaeng (1927-2012) took by herself and at examining her full awakening to the truth, rather than viewing Daehaeng Seon from the standpoint of patriarch Seon, gongan Seon, ganhwa Seon, or the theory of original buddhahood. The scope of my investigation is restricted to the period ranging from Daehaeng’s childhood to her arrival at Baengnyeonsa Temple in Jecheon City in order to ‘dim her radiance and mingle with the dust of the world’ 和光同塵 as recorded in the Han mau m yojeon: Daehaen g sunim haengjanggi, peobeojip. My thesis is generally based on this book. Before and after Daehaeng’s teen life, Korea was in the gloomy conditions under Japanese colonial rule. On account of dire poverty and ill-treatment by her father, Daehaeng at that time had an extremely hard time: she frequently run away from home and slept in the open air. But on the contrary this situation allowed her to thoroughly investigate such things as ‘life’, ‘uncertain self-existence’, ‘refuge’, and ‘existence’. She pursued to find out a compassionate ‘father’ in her inner world as a replacement of her cruel father in the troubled external world. This is the starting point of Daehaeng Seon. At the age of nine, Daehaeng came to the recognition of life through the question of “Who led me to such a state?” She looked straight on the reality of the world full of discrimination and hardship, but discovered that there is an inner world, namely ‘he(father),’ in which people can find their inherent peace and refuge beyond this troubled world. In other words, she understood that ‘he’ and ‘I’ are coexistent. At the age of fourteen, when she met Master Hanam, she longed for seeing the actual appearance of ‘father’ with Hanam’s compassionate nature as condition. Ten years after that, she realized that the actual ‘I’ and inherent ‘he’ are non-dual. Before, the actual ‘I’ followed the inner ‘him’[master] but now she penetrated a basic spiritual barrier upon removing the boundary between ‘he’ and ‘I’. In 1950 when she was twenty-four years of age, Daeng became a novice nun. Master Hanam noticed Daehaeng’s capability of following the buddha-way and acknowledged that she had been free from affliction. Hanam gave her the dharma name Cheonggak 靑覺 and entrusted her with an order that she now go her own way. Daehaeng continued her traveling practice firmly abiding in the contemplation of no-thought in which she stayed only at the things touching to her comfortable mind. One day both at a graveyard and from her reflection in water, she reached a thorough realization that the ‘I’ in the actual world and ‘he’ in the fundamental nature are neither the same nor different. Thereafter, in her capacity as a free person, she set off to extend compassion to all sentient beings, manifesting unrestricted competency. Daehaeng had already realized that the troubled reality [guest] and secured inner fundamental nature [master] are both coexistent and non-dual. All Hanam did was merely to approve Daehaeng’s intent of Seon. Furthermore, Daehaeng did not know about the Chinese Chan (Seon) in Tang China. However, rather than being in the style of the ‘ordinary mind is free from troubles’ 平常無事 of Mazu Daoyi 馬祖道一, Daehaeng Seon corresponds to the lineage of Shitou Xiqian 石頭希遷 because Shitou Chan emphasizes the original self whose aspects in the actual world and fundamental nature are not rejected but maintained as they are, and considered as non-different. Like this, we can find that Daehaeng Seon embraces in Seon all the activities such as looking straight on both the nature and actual world; thereby finding out an inner refuge; and realizing one’s ‘original self’ in which one can reach the union of various phenomena. I think this features prominently in Daehaeng Seon. 본 논문은 ‘대행선’을 조사선, 공안선, 간화선, 본래성불론 등의 관점에서 바라보기보다는 그의 생애(1927-2012)에서 스스로 형성된 구도의 과정과 증오證悟를 살펴보는 데에 목표를 둔다. 연구의 범위는 유년기에서 제천 백련사에 당도하여 ‘화광동진和光同塵’하는 시기 이전까지로 하며, 『한마음 요전』을 중심으로 고찰했다. 대행의 10대 전후는, 암울한 일제 강점기였으며 가세의 몰락과 부친의 학대 가출과 노숙으로 이어진 극히 어려운 시기였다. 이로 인해 ‘생명’, ‘불확실한 자기존재’, ‘도피처’, ‘실존’ 등에 대해 궁구하게 되었으며 고난의 외부세계보다 내면에서 혹독한 아빠를 대신 할 수 있는 자애로운 ‘아빠’를 찾으려 한다. 대행의 선禪은 여기서 비롯된다. 대행의 나이 9세, ‘누가 나를 이렇게 만들었는가?’라는 간절한 물음은 현실이 분명 차별과 고난의 세계임을 직시한 것이지만, 이 를 벗어난 본래 평화롭고 위안처가 되는 내면의 세계, 즉 ‘그(渠= 아빠)’가 있음을 발견한다. 다시 말해서 ‘그’와 ‘나’가 둘이 공존함을 알게 된다. 14세, 모친을 따라 선지식 한암을 만나게 되고 스님의 자비로운 성품이 기인이 되어 ‘아빠’의 현실의 모습을 보기를 갈망한다. 10년 후, 현실의 ‘나’와 본래의 ‘그’가 불이임을 체득하게 된다. 그동안 현실의 ‘나’가 내면의 ‘그[주인공]’를 따라다녔는데 이제 ‘그’와 ‘나’가 소통이 되고 경계가 없어진다. 말하자면 초관初關을 투득透得한 것이다. 낙발落髮하기 전의 일이다. 24세(1950) 대행은 사미니가 되고, 한암은 대행과의 문답에서 대행의 법기法器를 알아보고 이미 신심身心이 투탈透脫되었음을 안다. 법명을 청각靑覺으로 내리고 ‘이제 네 길을 가라’고 부촉付囑한다. 대행의 만행은 계속되고 무심관으로 편안한 마음에 와 닿는 것에만 응주凝住할 뿐이었다. 어느 날 묘지에서, 또한 물에 비친 자신의 모습에서 현실의 ‘나’와 본래성의 ‘그’가 불일불이不一不異임을 철견徹見하였다. 견자성見自性한 것이다. 이후 ‘자유인’으로서 자재 한 권능으로 ‘입전수수入鄽垂手’의 길로 나섰다. 대행은 이미 고된 현실[客]과 안정된 내면의 본래성[主]을 직시하고 관찰하여 이 둘이 공존함을 알았고 객과 주가 불이임을 알았다. 한암은 대행의 선지禪旨를 인가했을 뿐이다. 또한 대행은 중국 당대唐代의 선을 알지 못했다. 그러나 그의 선은 ‘평상무사’의 마조계馬祖系 선禪보다 이를 비판하고 현실태와 본래성을 유지하면서 이 양자를 상즉시키는 ‘자기自己’를 중요시 하는 석두계石頭系 선禪에 상응됨을 살필 수 있었다. 이와 같이 대행선에서는 자연과 현실의 세계를 직시, 내면의 안락처를 발견, 이를 상즉相卽시키는 ‘자기自己’를 투득하는 것 등이 전부 선禪임을 알 수 있다. 이것이 바로 대행선의 특색이라고 본다.

호서선비문화가 가진 교육콘텐츠로서의 의미와 가능성

김세정 ( Sea Jeong Kim ),양선진 ( Seon Jin Yang ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2015 유학연구 Vol.33 No.-

The current 21st century society is considered ‘the era of convergence culture’ in which different fields such as the humanities, the technology, social sciences, and science of arts etc go on reciprocal exchanges. In this context, the research on Confucianism (儒學) must liberate itself from the modern standpoint of disciplinary division and seek for points of connection on which it can combine with other disciplines, cultures, and thoughts. Thus it is necessary to carry out the search for what can connect Confucian contents with the present-day life and culture. In this 21st century, the rediscovery and consideration of useful Confucian thoughts and the revival of them as ‘contents filled with educational values’ is regarded as very important. From this point of view, the authors think that the search for ‘the significance and possibilities of educational contents in Ho-seo’s Seon-bi culture’ as the subject of this paper can meet those demands of the era. The term ‘contents’ refers not only to the goods in economics and industry, but also to the valuable things contained in the education. From this aspect, it can be said that educational contents are ‘things filled with educational values’. The Seon-bi spirit (the intellectuals’ spirit) thus can start from the point of overcoming misunderstandings of the Confucianism and reviving Confucian values. Especially, the Seon-bi spirit becomes more important in the context of the enforcement of the Law for Stimulation of Humanity Education, and can be seen as valuable educational contents appropriate to ‘the curriculum localization’. It is regarded as reasonable to investigate the significance and possibilities of constructing the ‘spirit of the Seon-bi culture in the Ho-seo area’ as educational contents to cultivate students in the Chung-cheong area. Based on that standpoint, the paper is developed into three processes as follows. Firstly, the authors try to re-define the term ‘seon-bi spirit’ by considering the Confucian history and thoughts. Together with it, the authors discuss what suggestion this spirit can give from the modern aspect. Secondly, the authors examine the Seon-bi spirit rising in the Ho-seo area nowadays, based on the theoretical characteristics of the Ho-seo Confucianism. After those considerations, the authors try to find out the significance and possibilities of the Seon-bi spirit and the Seon-bi culture in Ho-seo as the educational contents. In the conclusion, the authors summarize the above contents and point out some outstanding questions.

기해사행(己亥使行) 통신부사(通信副使) 황선(黃璿)의 관직생활

임선빈 ( Yim Seon-bin ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2018 민족문화연구 Vol.81 No.-

This paper examines how participation in communication embassy affects the operation of bureaucracy in the late Joseon Dynasty through the official career of Hwang Seon, who visited Japan in 1719 as a deputy envoy in Kihae communication embassy. In 1710, Hwang Seon passed the Civil Service Examination and was mainly given practical positions in the central office in his early days. Then, he was on the fast track promotion not until 1719, when he started to perform the deputy envoy in age 38 during Kihae communication embassy visit, getting credit for his ‘expertise (專對)’ ability. Before he participated the trip, his position was too low to meet the stands of the deputy envoy position. However, over 2 months prior to the trip, he was constantly assigned a position until he became first tutor in Academy for the Crown Prince (世子侍 講院), which was appropriate to serve a deputy envoy position. Even though he didn’t passed Tonghundaebu, which was the first rank position in Danghagwan, and its nickname was ‘nowhere up to go (資窮)’, after 10 months visit, with a direct exceptional order “Bimangki” from the king, he was promoted to Tongjeongdaebu, which was the ministerial rank position (Dangsanggwan) higher than Danghagwan, in recognition of hard work he had done. Also, he was assigned to serve a royal secretary position who closely assists the king in “Seungjungwon”. As a result of participating communication embassy, Hwang Seon was able to win the ministerial rank position in just 10 years, which is the position usually takes more than 20-30 years and still hard to get promoted. Hwang Seon served a royal secretary position after the reign of Gyeongjong, since he had already worked in Academy for the Crown Prince. However, his work performance as the royal secretary also led to his three years banishment. On the contrary, after the reign of King Yeongjo. Hwang Seon was promoted to grand minister Gaseondaebu, and also was assigned to the junior second rank Gyeongsang province governor. However, in the following year (1728), he suddenly died at the war zone at the age of 47, immediately after he defeated the military official uprising in Gyeongsang province. His decease was contentious among his period and even in later generations, and his posthumous award was also controversial. However, Hwang Seon was eventually canonized as a fourth state councilor Jwachansung and the title “Unswerving Loyalty” was granted. Furthermore, his descendants were also hired in royal officials. Meanwhile, “Minchoongsa”―a shrine dedicated to Hwang Seon―was constructed by Gyeongsang province residents, and this shrine was both disposed and restored, depending on the central government situation and its Seowon policy. After examining the case of Hwang Sun's official career in detail as an example, it is confirmed that the communication embassy career of the Japanese ambassador was a great help for his promotion. Also we could find how the work as a royal secretary position had affected his official career. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that “Seungjungwon Diary” can be used as a useful data when reconstructing the governmental official’s career life in the late Joseon dynasty.

Acaricidal toxicities and synergistic activities of Salvia lavandulifolia oil constituents against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Seon?A Choi,Won-Seok Lee,Yun-Seon Yu,Myung-Ji Lee,Hoi-Seon Lee 한국농약과학회 2018 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.4

Influence of Gas Nitriding on the Damping Capacity of Fe‑17Mn Alloy

Seon‑Min Choi,Ji‑Sook Park,Kyongjun An,이영국 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.1

Fe-17Mn alloy has been attracted as a high damping alloy due to its excellent damping capacity and tensile properties. For itsindustrial application, it is necessary to improve both wear resistance and anti-oxidation. To solve this problem, gas nitridingwas performed at 520 °C for 10 h using cold-rolled specimens. The nitrided specimen revealed a thick nitride layer of~ 68 μm with ~ 20%Mn and a hardness value of ~ 650 Hv on the matrix of ε martensite and γ austenite without the diffusionlayer. The damping capacity of the nitrided specimen was decreased with increasing the thickness ratio of nitride layer tomatrix. However, when the thickness ratio was ≤ 1.5%, the damping capacity of the nitrided specimen was similar to that ofthe nitride-free specimen. This indicates that the wear resistance and anti-oxidation of Fe-17Mn alloy can be improved bya thin nitride layer without the loss of its damping capacity.

Multi‑tissue lipotoxicity caused by high‑fat diet feeding is attenuated by the supplementation of Korean red ginseng in mice

Seon‑A Jang,Seung Namkoong,이성률,Jin Woo Lee,Yuna Park,Gyeongseop So,Sung Hyeok Kim,Mi‑Ja Kim,Ki‑Hyo Jang,Alberto P. Avolio,Sumudu V. S. Gangoda,Hyun Jung Koo,Myung Kyum Kim,Se Chan Kang,Eun‑Hwa Sohn 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.1

Background Excessive intake of fat, one of the causes of obesity, is associated with low-grade infammation in various susceptible organs and eventually causes tissue toxicity. This study examines the multifaceted suppressive efects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipotoxicity and infammatory responses in the aorta, liver, and brain. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD with or without KRG for 12 weeks. The improvement efect in KRG on lipotoxicity and infammatory potential was determined in the blood and the aorta, liver, and brain tissues. Results KRG signifcantly inhibited 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity by >20% in vitro. KRG supplementation suppressed HFD-associated body weight gain, lipid profle changes, and excessive fat deposition in the liver and increased leptin, insulin, and ALT levels in the blood. Infammatory markers in the aorta, liver, and brain were also signifcantly reduced by KRG treatment. In microvascular endothelial cells, the 15% cyclic stretch-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expression was signifcantly attenuated in the presence of KRG. Conclusion KRG supplementation attenuates HFD-mediated body weight gain, lipid profle changes, and multi-tissue infammatory responses.

Fracture Behavior of Locally Corroded Steel Pipeline in District Heating System Using the Combination of Electrochemistry and Fracture Mechanics

Seon‑Hong Kim,Yoon‑Sik So,Jung‑Gu Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.11

To identify the effects of the stress concentration at the pit on the fracture of the district heating (DH) pipeline, the stressincrease with the wall thickness reduction was formulated. The formula includes the stress intensity factor with the pittingcorrosion. As a result of the application of the DH pipeline conditions to the ASME B31.3 code formula and corrosion test,the interplay with only uniform corrosion and stress due to the internal pressure can not be an immediate reason for the DHpipeline fracture. The KIvalue which is calculated by loss of thickness due to both uniform and localized corrosion exceededfracture toughness value (42 MPa√m) of the weldment pipeline steel (ASTM A106 Gr. B) under all of the studied conditions.

‘천안함 침몰’ 사건의 보도 경향과 이데올로기적 의미

백선기(Seon-Gi Baek),이금아(Keum-Ah Lee) 부산울산경남언론학회 2011 지역과 커뮤니케이션 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 미디어 보도가 지니는 담론 형성과 그에 따른 이데올로기적 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 미디어 보도는 수용자가 사회적 현실을 인식하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 특정 담론과 이데올로기적 의미를 생성한다. 이는 대부분의 수용자들이 미디어 보도를 통해 사안을 인식함을 의미한다. 특히 남북관계나 안보와 관련한 사안은 직접적으로 얻을 수 있는 정보의 양이 매우 적기 때문에, 수용자들은 미디어를 통한 간접적인 정보에 따라 사안을 인식하게 된다. 바로 이러한 점에서 남북관련 사안에 대한 미디어 보도는 중요한 역할과 기능을 수행한다. 이에 본 연구자들은 2010년 3월 발생한 ‘천안함’ 침몰 사건에 대한 우리 언론의 보도경향과 그에 따라 생성되는 담론 형성에 주목하였고, 그에 따른 이데올로기적 의미에 대해 숙고하였다. 분석대상으로 조선일보와 경향신문을 선정하였고, ‘천안함’ 침몰이 발생한 3월 26일부터 최종보고서가 발간된 9월 13일까지의 이들 신문들의 기사들을 수집하였다. 이들 기사들에 대해 백선기가 최근에 창안한 기호네트워크분석(Semiotic Network Analysis)과 담론구조분석(Discourse Structure Analysis)을 적용하였다. 연구결과, 각 언론사는 자사의 이념적 스펙트럼에 따라 우호적인 기호들을 사용하였고, 이들의 특정 네트워크를 구성하였음이 발견되었다. 그리고 이들 기호네트워크 구조들을 근간으로 각기 서로 다른 담론들이 생성되었음도 발견되었다. 이는 ‘천안함 침몰’ 사건에 대해 신문별로 서로 다른 성격의 사건으로 규정하였고, 서로 다른 해석과 해결 방안들을 제시하였음을 의미한다. 이로 인해 우리 사회는 천안함 침몰에 대해 전혀 다른 대립적 시각들이 존재하게 되었고, 이로 인해 사회는 이데올로기적으로 명료하게 분리되었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate media coverage patterns on the sinking of “Cheonan warship” and their ideological implications. On March 26, 2010 the warship was sunk suddenly by unidentified causes so that 46 crew members should be dead. in Korean society, it happened to occur many discourses about this incident through media coverage. Various rumors and suspicious arguments about its causes and means were suggested without any kinds of clarifications. The most controversial issue was whether it was caused by sea-missile assaults of North Korean forces’ or not. The society was severely divided into two groups on the basis of belief or doubt on it. The authors were interested in why this kind of split could happen to occur in Korean society, how much such kind of social phenomenon would be connected to media coverage, and what it would imply in Korean society. In order to solve these interests as well as research questions, they collected news items of two high circulative newspapers from March 26, 2010 to September 13, 2010. As one newspaper was conservative and anti-North Korea oriented, the other was progressive and pro-North Korea oriented. Each of news items was analyzed with a Semiotic Network Analysis (SNA) and a Discursive Structure Analysis (DSA) which were recently created by Seon-Gi Baek. As results of this study, it was firstly found that each of media tended to select specific signs and narratives to define the incident from its basic ideology and North Korea policy. The conservative newspaper tended to define it as ‘incident of North Korean attack’ and ask for ‘official sorry of North Korean leaders’, while the progressive newpaper defined it ‘unfortune accident’ and ask for ‘South Korean governmental responsibility’. Secondly, the former described such dead crew members as ‘war heroes’ because it assumed that they would be dead in the middle of battle, as the latter represented them as just ‘victims’ because they would be dead by uncertain causes. Thirdly, the former produced many discourses about ‘critic against the North Korean leaders’, ‘revenge against the North Korea’, ‘counter attack against the North Korea’, ‘reinforcement for the national security’, etc. On the other hand, the latter took initiatives to suggest another discourses about ‘critic against irresponsibility of South Korean government’, ‘doubt against the final report on the incident’, ‘warning against the reinforcement of national security’, etc. In conclusion, it could be argued that such kind of dividence in Korean society would happened to occur by the dichotomous coverage pattern between the conservative media and the progressive ones.

국어 인용표지 ‘이라고, 고’의 문법적 특성

송창선(Song, Chang-seon) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.131

The aim of this thesis is to find out the grammatical properties of ‘-irago’ in direct quotation and ‘-irago, -dago, -(eu)niago, -(eu)rago, -(eu)mago’ in indirect quotation. Most Korean linguists regarded the embedded clause in direct quotation as a nominal clause or an adverbial clause. But I insist that the embedded clause in direct quotation is an adverbial clause in that it can be substituted by ‘ireokhe’. And Most Korean linguists regarded ‘-irago’ in direct quotation as the case marker. But I insist that ‘-irago’ is not the case marker, because it can be analyzed into ‘i-’(the stem of ‘ita’), ‘-ra’(<-ta) and ‘-ko’(ending). So far, some Korean linguists regarded ‘-irago, -dago, -(eu)niago, -(eu)rago, -(eu)mago’ in indirect quotation as the endings, and others regarded ‘ko’ in these as the case marker. But I insist that ‘-irago, -dago, -(eu)niago, -(eu)rago, -(eu)mago’ is not a grammatical unit, because the prefinal endings like ‘-(eu)si-, -deo-, -eoss-, -gess-’ can be inserted into ‘-irago’ etc. I also reveal that ‘-go’ in ‘-irago, -dago, -(eu)niago, -(eu)rago, -(eu)mago’ is not the case markers but the endings, in that we can integrate ‘-go’ with final endigs ‘-ira, -da, -(eu)nia, -(eu)ra, -(eu)ma’.

미디어의 사회적 죽음에 대한 재현과 맥락적 의미 -고(故) 노무현 대통령 서거 TV 보도에 대한 기호네트워크 분석(Semiotic Network Analysis)-

백선기 ( Seon Gi Baek ),김강석 ( Kang Seok Kim ) 한국기호학회 2009 기호학연구 Vol.26 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of media coverage on the death of former president Moo-Hyun Roh, and its social, political and ideological meanings in the context to Korean society. He had been a central figure who would turn the Korean society into very severe conflicts politically as well as ideologically. Nonetheless, after this death, the Korean society changed rapidly from the atmosphere of criticizing him into the climate for cherishing his great contribution. The authors raised three research questions; that is, `Were there any differences in covering his death among TV stations? If there were differences, what were they?`, `What were differences in types of representation and discourses among TV coverages?` and `What were ideological meanings in such kinds of different types of representation and discourse?`. In order to answer these research questions, they collected news items of three TV stations-that is, KBS 1-TV, MBC TV and SBS TV-from May 23, 2009 to June 10, 2009, and analyzed them through semiotic research methods, especially, Seon-Gi Baek`s `Semitoic Network Analysis(SNA)` and `Discoursive Structure Analysis(DSN)`. As a result of this study, first of all, it was found that there were differences in covering his death among three TV stations on the basis of its own ideological position and favor for or disfavor against him. Second, Korean TV media tended to pay attention to causes of his commit suicide as if it would be a normal incident of commit suicide in order to depoliticize it. Third, they tended not to focus various meanings of his death personally but to emphasize on political and ideological meanings of his death socially in the context to Korean society. In conclusion, the Korean media had a tendency of covering his death differently on the basis of its own political and ideological position: that is, the one tried to put more ideological and political meanings on his death, while the others were inclined to put more personal meanings on his death through de-politicizing meanings of his death.