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Orchid floral volatiles: Biosynthesis genes and transcriptional regulations
Ramya, Mummadireddy,An, Hye Ryun,Baek, Yun Su,Reddy, Kondreddy Eswar,Park, Pue Hee Elsevier 2018 Scientia horticulturae Vol.235 No.-
<P>Floral scent and colour are key trait for many floricultural crops. Floral volatiles are biologically and economically important plant derived compounds and they play vital role in pollinator attraction, plant defense and interaction with surrounding the environment. Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most widespread families of flowering plants, with more than 25,000 species. Orchids are one of the most significant plants in ecologically adopted every habitation on earth. Floral volatiles is not limited in its role to pollinator attraction, it's widely used for perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and therapeutic applications. Even though biochemistry of floral volatiles is still new field for investigation. Due to importance of the plant biology orchid floral scent research were deeply needed. Analysis of the biosynthesis mechanisms involved in floral scent is necessary to understand the fine-scale molecular functions and to breed to new cultivars through floral volatile genetic engineering approaches. Now a days many researchers developed floral scent models in plants. However, little is known about the pathways responsible for floral scent in orchids, due to the long life cycle and large genome size. Only some terpenoid pathways were reported in orchids. In this review, we mainly concentrated orchid floral volatile regulation and compounds synthesis responsible pathways. Moreover,we mentioned emission of orchid floral volatiles and their function in pollination ecology. This information will provide a basic information on orchid floral scent research.</P>
Enhanced Efficacies of Ginsenoside Compound K conjugated with Polymers in cancer cells
Ramya Mathiyalagan,Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam,Prabhu Muthusamy,Deok Chun Yang 한의병리학회 2015 대한동의병리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although numerous anticancer drugs are available, their lack of tumor-targeting and low water-solubility are major drawbacks to use in cancer treatment. Conjugation of anticancer drugs with water-soluble polymers has been exhibited increased water-solubility of hydrophobic drugs, reduced normal cell cytotoxicity, increased accumulation in tumor tissues by passive targeting, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. This study, we used ginsenoside compound K (CK) which is triterpenoid found in oriental medical plant- Panax ginseng Meyer. CK is one of the major metabolite after oral administration of crude extracts, reaches systemic circulation and reported for various pharmacological activities. However, solubility and targeted delivery is the major drawback to use of CK in clinical trials. We attempted to developed polymer CK conjugates to enhance its solubility and targeted delivery. To this, hydrophobic CK was covalently conjugated to the hydrophilic glycol chitosan (GC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) through an acid-labile ester linkage. The resulting GC-CK and PEG-CK conjugates were characterized by H NMR and FTIR. It formed self-assembled spherical shape nanoparticles in water. The conjugates were greatly increased solubility of CK. From in vitro release experiment, release of CK was enhanced under pH 5, whereas it was dramatically decreased under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) is similar to what would be expected in extracellular solid tumor tissues and intracellular endosomes and lysosomes. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that conjugates exhibited higher cytotoxicity in HT29, HepG2, and HT22 cell lines and maintained good cell viability in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that these conjugates may be potentially useful as a tumor-specific delivery vehicle which may enhance the overall efficacy of CK.
Ramya A.,Vijayakumar V. N.,Rajakumar K.,Balasubramanian V.,Balamuralikrishnan S. 한국물리학회 2020 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.77 No.12
A new class of intermolecular hydrogen bonded liquid-crystal complex (HBLC) was designed and synthesized from non-mesogenic benzylmalonic acid (BMA) and mesogenic 4n-pentyloxybenzoic acid (5OBA). Intermolecular hydrogen bonds (H-bond) and vibrational functional groups were characterized by using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Textural characterizations and the corresponding transition temperature along with enthalpy values were observed using polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optical absorption and emission bandgap energies were calculated by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The phase transition temperature, thermal stability factor, and thermal span width were calculated and their impact on the liquid crystal properties are discussed. An interesting feature of the BMA+5OBA HBLC complex was the observation of schlieren textures, and the induced thermoluminescence with parachromic variation in the nematic phase is an alternative tool for the manufacture of opto-electronic devices.
Ramya Suresh,Baskar Rajoo,Maheswari Chenniappan,Manikandan Palanichamy 대한환경공학회 2021 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.26 No.5
The present study focused on the various advanced oxidation processes; Ozone, UV radiation, O₃/H₂O₂, O₃/UV, UV/H₂O₂ and O₃/UV/H₂O₂ for treatability of dairy industry wastewater. With this aim, the trials were carried out in cylindrical reactor fortified with UV radiation and Ozone injection. Efficiency of the treatment process was evaluated considering Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), lactose reduction and process parameters were determined to be reaction time, pH, circulation rate, and H₂O₂ dosage. 32.5%, 35.2% , 25%, 83% COD and 40.6%, 43.6%, 38.2%, 80% lactose reduction efficiency were obtained under the operating conditions for O₃/H₂O₂, O₃/UV, UV/H₂O₂ and O₃/UV/H₂O₂ processes, respectively. As per this outcome, UV/H₂O₂/O₃ process gave more than 65% of COD and 52.36% of lactose reduction efficiency than other hybrid processes. Optimum conditions for UV/H₂O₂/O₃ process (pH = 5, time = 180 mins, circulation rate = 50 mL/h and H₂O₂ dosage of 0.5 mL) resulted in 88% of COD and 93.4% lactose reduction.