Automatic Detection and Classification of Rib Fractures on Thoracic CT Using Convolutional Neural Network: Accuracy and Feasibility

Zhou Qing-Qing,Wang Jiashuo,Tang Wen,Hu Zhang-Chun,Xia Zi-Yi,Xue-Song Li,Zhang Rongguo,Yin Xindao,Zhang Bing,Zhang Hong 대한영상의학회 2020 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.21 No.7

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography (CT) images. Materials and Methods: This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists. Results: A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 [512 x 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757]). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds. Conclusion: Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists’ workload.

역사의 의미 -청말 중국의 "역사" 인식과 "역사" 읽기-

장칭 ( Zhang Qing ) 한림과학원 2011 개념과 소통 Vol.0 No.8

``역사적 기억``의 연속은 청말 사상 변천을 구성하는 중요한 상징이다. 이 글에서는 청말 사람들이 ``역사의 의미``를 어떻게 탐색했는지 논하고자 한다. 주로 청말의 과거제도 개혁에서 ``역사``가 왜 시험의 주요 내용을 구성하였는지에 관심을 기울이면서, 과거시험 응시자의 답안에서 ``역사``를 어떻게 해석했는지를 구체적으로 분석할 것이다. 두 문명이 만날 때에는 본래 ``너는 어디에서 왔는가?``, ``어떻게 오늘에까지 왔는가?``라는 질문이 제기될 수 있다. 이는 곧 공간과 시간이라는 축에 근거해서 ``타자``를 상상·이해하고 자신의 ``정체성``을 확립하는 작업이다. 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 수행했다. 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속은 분명 상이한 기준으로 구분되는데, 역사 해석자의 ``입장``이 결정적인 역할을 했다. 과거제도를 개혁하는 과정에서 ``역사``에는 여전히 관변 이데올로기의 흔적이 남아 있었다. 똑같이 ``서양적 요소``에 의해 환기되고 똑같이 역사를 새롭게 해석했지만, ``자기개혁``의 입장에 서서 역사에서 배울 만한 경험을 발굴하려 하였고, 여기서 중요한 것은 역사에서 자신의 영광을 유지하게 하는 자원을 찾으려는 것이었다. 그러나 어떤 입장에 서든 ``역사문화``를 중시했다는 점은 아주 분명하다. 이른바 ``역사의 의미``는 청말 중국에서 충분히 드러났다. 그것은 중국에 이미 역사인식에 대한 유구한 학술적 전통이 있었는데 ``역사 읽기``가 독서인의 독서생활에서 중요한 부분이 되었다는 사실에서 구체적으로 표출되었다. 바로 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 했다. 그 영향으로 ``역사``에서 부강의 길을 찾고 문명의 우월감을 유지했으며, ``역사``를 통해 ``경세치용``을 하고, 과거시험과 신식학교 교육에서 관련 내용을 배치한 것도 출제에서 마땅히 있어야 할 의미였다. 물론 ``역사``에 대한 이런 입장은 결코 한번 정해지고 나면 변하지 않는 것이 아니어서, 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속이 드러낸 또 다른 장면은 ``역사의 의미``에 대한 탐색이 또 다른 방식으로 전개될 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다. "What`s the use of history?" Marc Bloch, the founder of the Annals School raised this question from a child in the beginning of his Historian`s Craft. In China`s case, we will find problems of this kind from time, and they are dissimilar as they appeared in different times. In the late Qing Dynasty, when China was faced with a "seismic situation that never happened in the previous three thousand years", such problems were even more conspicuous. The question was not only "What`s the use of history?" but also how to awaken the "memory of history" to deal with all manner of changes. It was certain that the awakening of the "memory of history" in late Qing was obviously guided by two factors: one was the recovering of the Hans` collective memory stimulated by "anti-Manchuria"; the other was the memory about China, which was activated by foreign factors. This leads us to focus on how the scholars in the late Qing Dynasty thought about "what history has told us" and how to explore the "significance of history". Needless to say, the encounter of the two civilizations would naturally give rise to questions like "where do you come from?" and "how do we come here?" which were based on the dimensions of space and time in order to imagine "the other". Accordingly, incorporating Chinese history and foreign histories into the framework of "Universal History" to achieve historical "harmony" and to seek mutual understanding also constituted the core of communication between Chinese history and foreign histories. Moreover, such "harmony" represents not only the significance of time but also the judgment on historical process. In this context, "history" also played a special "role" in Sino-foreign communication. Its influence was to seek a way to wealth and power in "history" and to maintain the superiority in civilization. With the assignment of relevant topics, the intention of the imperial examinations was to "study Confucianism for statecraft" through "history". This treatise attempts to outline this situation, which occurred in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to explore "the significance of history" in this period.

Early Changes in Apparent Diffusion Coefficient for Salivary Glands during Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Associated with Xerostomia

Qing Zhang,Yu-Mei Wei,Yuan-Gang Qi,Bao-Sheng Li 대한영상의학회 2018 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.19 No.2

Objective: To evaluate the early changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the salivary glands during radiotherapy (RT) and their association with the degree of xerostomia at 6 months after RT in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods: We enrolled 26 patients with NPC who underwent RT. Each patient underwent diffusion-weighted MRI of the salivary glands at rest and with gustatory stimulation within 1 week before RT and 2 weeks after the beginning of RT. The ADC at rest (ADCR) and increase and increase rate with stimulation (ADCI, ADCIR) of the submandibular and parotid glands were calculated. The differences in the variables’ values between 2 weeks after the beginning of RT and baseline (ΔADCR, ΔADCI, and ΔADCIR) were compared to the degree of xerostomia at 6 months after RT. Results: The ADCR of the submandibular and parotid glands were both significantly higher at 2 weeks after the beginning of RT than found at baseline (both p < 0.01). The ADCI and ADCIR for the parotid glands were both significantly lower at 2 weeks after the beginning of RT than found at baseline (both p < 0.01). ΔADCI and ΔADCIR of the parotid glands were associated with the degree of xerostomia at 6 months after RT (r = -0.61 and -0.72, both p < 0.01). Conclusion: The ADCs of the salivary glands change early during RT. The differences in the ADC increase and increase rate of the parotid glands between 2 weeks after the beginning of RT and baseline were associated with the degree of xerostomia at 6 months after RT.

Clinical Manifestations and Imaging Characteristics of Gliomatosis Cerebri with Pathological Confirmation

Zhang, Chun-Pu,Li, Hua-Qing,Zhang, Wei-Tao,Liu, Ming-Hui,Pan, Wen-Jing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.11

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of gliomatosis cerebri to raise the awareness and improve its diagnostic accuracy for patients. Materials and Methods: Clinical data, imaging characteristics and pathological examination of 12 patients with GC from Jan., 2008 to Jan., 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Patients with GC were clinically manifested with headache, vomiting, repeated seizures, fatigue and unstable walking, most of whom had more than 2 lesions involving in parietal lobe, followed by temporal lobe, frontal lobe, periventricular white matter and corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffuse distribution, T1-weighted images (T1WI) with equal and low signals and T2-weighted images (T2WI) with bilateral symmetrical high diffuse signals. There was no reinforcement by enhancement scanning and signals were different in diffusion-weighted images (DWI). The higher the tumor staging, the stronger the signals. Pathological examination showed neuroastrocytoma in which tumor tissues were manifested by infiltrative growth in blood vessels and around neurons. Conclusions: In clinical diagnosis of GC, much attention should be paid to the diffuse distribution of imaging characteristics, incomplete matching between clinical and imaging characteristics and confirmation by combining with histopathological examination.

Distributed Convex Optimization for Flocking of Nonlinear Multi-agent Systems

Qing Zhang,Zhikun Gong,Zhengquan Yang,Zengqiang Chen 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2019 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.17 No.5

A distributed optimization problem with differentiable convex objective function is discussed forcontinuous-time multi-agent systems with flocking behavior of a nonlinear continuous function. The goal of thispaper is to design a controller by using only local interaction information, thus making velocities of all agents be thesame. Then the stability of the multi-agent systems is proved and the velocities converge to the value minimizingthe sum of local objective functions. Moreover, the paper got some sufficient conditions for the consensus and theoptimization. Finally, a numerical case is used to verify the analytical results.

SPON2 Promotes M1-like Macrophage Recruitment and Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis by Distinct Integrin–Rho GTPase–Hippo Pathways

Zhang, Yan-Li,Li, Qing,Yang, Xiao-Mei,Fang, Fang,Li, Jun,Wang, Ya-Hui,Yang, Qin,Zhu, Lei,Nie, Hui-Zhen,Zhang, Xue-Li,Feng, Ming-Xuan,Jiang, Shu-Heng,Tian, Guang-Ang,Hu, Li-Peng,Lee, Ho-Young,Lee, Su-J American Association for Cancer Research 2018 Cancer research Vol.78 No.9

<P>Matricellular protein SPON2 acts as an HCC suppressor and utilizes distinct signaling events to perform dual functions in HCC microenvironment.</P><P>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) represent key regulators of the complex interplay between cancer and the immune microenvironment. Matricellular protein SPON2 is essential for recruiting lymphocytes and initiating immune responses. Recent studies have shown that SPON2 has complicated roles in cell migration and tumor progression. Here we report that, in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), SPON2 not only promotes infiltration of M1-like macrophages but also inhibits tumor metastasis. SPON2-α4β1 integrin signaling activated RhoA and Rac1, increased F-actin reorganization, and promoted M1-like macrophage recruitment. F-Actin accumulation also activated the Hippo pathway by suppressing LATS1 phosphorylation, promoting YAP nuclear translocation, and initiating downstream gene expression. However, SPON2-α5β1 integrin signaling inactivated RhoA and prevented F-actin assembly, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration; the Hippo pathway was not noticeably involved in SPON2-mediated HCC cell migration. In HCC patients, SPON2 levels correlated positively with prognosis. Overall, our findings provide evidence that SPON2 is a critical factor in mediating the immune response against tumor cell growth and migration in HCC.</P><P><B>Significance:</B> Matricellular protein SPON2 acts as an HCC suppressor and utilizes distinct signaling events to perform dual functions in HCC microenvironment.</P><P><B>Graphical Abstract:</B> http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/9/2305/F1.large.jpg. <I>Cancer Res; 78(9); 2305–17. ©2018 AACR</I>.</P><P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P><P> [Figure]</P>

Pemetrexed is Mildly Active with Good Tolerability for Treatment of Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Zhang, Hui-Qing,Lian, Chang-Hong,Ping, Yao-Dong,Song, Wen-Bin,Lu, Qing-Pu,Xie, Shu-Zhe,Lin, Tao,Cheng, Lin-Zhong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.19

Purpose: This systematic analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed based salvage chemotherapy for treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods: Clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed based regimens on response and safety for patients with colorectal cancer were identified using a predefined search strategy. Pooled response rates (RRs) were calculated. Results: For pemetrexed based regimens, 4 clinical studies including 201 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were considered eligible for inclusion. The analysis suggested that, in all patients, pooled RR was 20.4% (41/201). Major adverse effects were neutropenia, anorexia, fatigue, and anemia. No treatment related death occurred with pemetrexed based treatment. Conclusion: This systematic analysis suggests that pemetrexed based regimens are associated with mild activity with good tolerability in treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Properties of Core-and-effect Air Textured Yarns Blended by Diacetate and Polyester Filaments

Zhang, Jing,Zhang, Zhilong,Wang, Shanyuan,Qing, Xiaohong The Korean Fiber Society 2007 Fibers and polymers Vol.8 No.1

In present work, PET FDY has been used to blend with diacetate filaments by air texturing process and core-and-effect air-textured yarns have been produced. The influences of both over-feeds of core and effect components on properties of textured yarns were mainly examined. It was observed that a spun-like effect of diacetate filaments occurred during air texturing and there were a little amount of free fiber ends besides loops on blended air textured yarns, while the number of free fiber ends changed little with variation in over-feeds. The tenacity of textured yarns decreased with increase in over-feeds of effect or core component. The breaking elongation increased with increase in over-feed of effect component, but decreased with increase in over-feed of core component. The yarn stability improves when both over-feeds are increased. The effect of over-feeds on boiling water shrinkage shows no clear trend. The core and average diameters are higher at high over-feed of effect component, but the over-feed of core component exhibits little effect on yarn diameters. The number and size of loops re increase with increased over-feed of effect component.

High‑Temperature Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Al–12Si–CuNiMg Alloy and its Al2O3 Fiber‑Reinforced Composite

Qing Zhang,Shuo Wei,Jie Gu,Ming Qi 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.9

The high-temperature dry sliding wear behavior of an Al–12Si–CuNiMg alloy and its composite reinforced with Al2O3fibersare investigated at 27 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. Wear tests are conducted under a constant sliding velocity of 1 m/sand various normal loads ranging from 2.5 to 10 N. To investigate the influence of temperature on the wear mechanisms, theworn surfaces of the matrix alloy and composite surfaces are carefully examined using scanning electron microscopy andenergy dispersive spectroscopy. At 100–200 °C, the wear resistance of the composite increases, with the highest resistancerecorded at 200 °C. The wear resistance decreases with the increase in the temperature from 200 to 300 °C. The wear resistanceof the matrix alloy decreases as the temperature increases from 200 to 300 °C; however, it does not exhibit better wearresistance than the composite in the same temperature range. Furthermore, the friction coefficients of these two materialsare discussed. The worn surface analysis performed at different temperatures indicates that the dominant wear mechanismsof both materials are related to adhesion and delamination under the chosen test conditions.

The Accuracy of the Non-continuous I Test for One-Dimensional Arrays with References Created by Induction Variables

( Qing Zhang ) 한국정보처리학회 2014 Journal of information processing systems Vol.10 No.4

One-dimensional arrays with subscripts formed by induction variables in real programs appear quite frequently. For most famous data dependence testing methods, checking if integer-valued solutions exist for one-dimensional arrays with references created by induction variable is very difficult. The I test, which is a refined combination of the GCD and Banerjee tests, is an efficient and precise data dependence testing technique to compute if integer-valued solutions exist for one-dimensional arrays with constant bounds and single increments. In this paper, the non-continuous I test, which is an extension of the I test, is proposed to figure out whether there are integer-valued solutions for one-dimensional arrays with constant bounds and non-sing ularincrements or not. Experiments with the benchmarks that have been cited from Livermore and Vector Loop, reveal that there are definitive results for 67 pairs of onedimensional arrays that were tested.