EU와 美國 中央銀行의 獨立性比較 및 實證分析

文宇植 서울大學校經濟硏究所 1997 經濟論集 Vol.36 No.2

본고에서는 중앙은행의 獨立性정도가 중앙은행의 자산 중 본원통화 혹은 총통화에서 차지하는 政府信用의 비율로 평가되고 同 비율들이 높을수록 해당국가의 인플레이션율이 높다고 하는 관계가 실증분석된다. 이러한 평가방법을 사용하는 이유는 중앙은행의 독립성을 측정하는 데 생기는 자의성이나 인플레이션율이 낮은 국가일수록 중앙은행의 독립성을 높게 평가하는 偏向을 피할 수 있기 때문이다. 실상 이러한 접근은 사잔트(Sargent)에 의해 20세기초 독일경제권의 超인플레이션 원인을 밝히기 위해 시도되었다고 할 수 있다. 역사적인 관점에서 보았을 때 독일의 경험은 중앙은행의 독립성이 이러한 관점에서 파악될 수 있다는 사실을 시사한다. 이에 대해 미국의 경우는 중앙은행의 독립성이 이와는 전혀 다르게 민간은행의 自律性保障을 목적으로 확립되었다는 점에서 극히 예외적이라 할 수 있다.

EURO貨의 국제적 지위와 영향

문우식 서울대학교 국제지역원 1997 국제지역연구 Vol.6 No.3.4

마스트리히트조약에 의하면 1999년 1월 1일부터 3단계 EMU가 시작된다. 이는 이에 참여하는 국가들이 자국통화를 단일통화인 EURO로 바꾸고 유럽중응은행(ECB)이 유일한 통화당국으로서 단일통화정책을 수행하는 것을 의미한다. 통화통합은 주요통화들이 국제적 역할과 상호 환율, 그리고 국제통화체제에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 우선 유로화는 미국과 비교되는 대규모경제권을 뒷받침으로 하여 무역및 국제투자자산 혹은 국제 지급준비금으로서 미 달러화의 잠재적인 경쟁자로서 등장할 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 전망과 관련하여 유럽의 경제적 크기확대, 단일통화에 참여하는 국가들에 의해 보유되는 과다한 외환준비금, 민간투자자산으로서 유로화의 수요변동, 세계 총 외화준비금의 40%를 보유하고 있는 동아시아 국가들의 행태는 유로하의 수요에 특히 중요한 영향을 미치는 중요한 변수이다. 둘째, 유로화의 환율과 관련하여 가장 중요한 변수는 유럽중앙은행의 향후 통화및 환율정책기조라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 유로화의 출현은 새로운 국제통화질서, 특히 미달러를 중심으로 하는 IMF체제에 영향을 미친다. 왜냐하면 IMF나 BIS와 같은 국제통화기구에 있어 유럽의 지분이 변동하기 때문이다. 한편 우리나라와 관련하여 EURO화의 영향을 살펴보면 무역결제나 보유외환자산의 구성에 EURO화의 사용이 늘 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. 물론 최근의 외환위기와 이로 인한 대규모 달러화의 국제차입, 그리고 이에 대한 앞으로의 상환 등을 고려하면 우리나라도 다른 동남아 국가와 마찬가지로 국제통화자산의 유로화 분산이나 대체에 당분간 신경을 슬 여유는 없을 것으로 보인다. 그러나 외환위기의 수습이 됨에 따라 EURO화의 역할이 점차 중요해 질 것이라 생갹된다. According to the Maasticht Treaty, stage 3 of the EMU starts on January 1, 1999. At that point, those participating countries are to irrevocably the exchange rates for their countries and replace their domestic currencies with the newly created euro. It is expected that 11-12 countries including France and Germany will participate in this endeavor. This could imply a big change in the international role of key currencies, their exchange rates and the international monetary system. First of all, the euro will emrge as a potentially serious competitor for the dollar in tis role as the international currency based on its vast underlying market, the size of which will be comparable only to the US economy. Particularly important for the determination of the international role of the euro in this respect are the economic size and openness of Europe, the excess foreign reserves of European central banks, the private portfolio rebalancing and the demand pattern for the international currencies by East Asian countries which hold 40% of world foreign reserves. Second, the exchange rate of the euro will be dierctly affected by the monetary and exchage rate policies of the future European Central Bank. Third, the introduction of the euro will pose seriou squestions for the constitution and management of international organizations to which the member states of the EMU belong because of the changes in the quotas for international financial institutions like the IMF and BIS. When it come to the impact of the euro on the Korean economy, the demand for the euro is expected to increase as a trade invoicing or portfollo rebalancing currency. However, diversification or substitution in favor of the euro will be interrupted briefy by the recent currency crisis and the consequent massive borrowing and repayment of the dollar the Korean economy is facing.

성인원외폐렴의 원인미생물에대한 전향적 다기관 연구 : 성인원외폐렴의 원인으로 세균의 역할을 중심으로

우준희,강재명,김양수,신완식,류진홍,최정현,김양리,정희진,어수택,박춘식,정문현,정기석,이찬주,류지소 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.1

Background : Communite-acquired peumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Despite progress in diagnostic techniques and treatments, management of pneumonia remains challenging, because the precise etiology remains uncertain in as many as 49% of cases. The limitaions of identifying etiologic agents make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen. For the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, we should know the frequency of etiologic agents and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community. Methods : A prospective multicenter study of community-acquired pneumonia in Korea was carried out between May 1997 and April 2000. The microbiologic diagnosis was based on the results of sputum culture, blood culture and pleural culture. Results : Five hundred eighty eight cases of community-acquired peumonia in 562 patients admitted to the hospitals. The mean age was 59.9 with male predominance (58.3%), and 370 (63%) had underlyin gillness. The etiologic agents were identified in 38.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was Streprococcus pneumoniae (21.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.5%), viridans group streptococci (5.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.2%), Hemophillus Influenza (3.8%), The rates of admission to the intensive care unit was 10.4%. The motality was 7.1%. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6% and showed multidrug resistant. Forty percents of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. K. penumoniae were susceptible to cephalosporin and quinolone. Conclusion : In Korea, S.pneumoniae is the most important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6% and showed multidrug resistant. Gram negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa showed high incidence when compared with that of other countries. Most of them had underlying diseases including bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:1∼7, 2001)

기업회생관점에서 본 EU국가의 파산제도 비교

문우식 서울대학교 국제지역원 1999 국제지역연구 Vol.8 No.3

본고는 EU 주요국의 파산제도를, 첫째, 비효율적인 기업의 청산 및 자금난에 빠진 유망기업의 구제, 둘째, 중소기업의 이용용이성이란 측면에서 비교분석한다. EU 국가들은 80년대 이래로 기업회생의 기회를 강화하고 중소기업에 대한 특별 고려를 하는 방향으로 수차례에 걸쳐 파산제도를 개정하여 왔다. 그러나 그럼에도 불구하고 미국의 11장에 비해 EU 국가의 파산제도는 기업회생에 매우 까다로운 편인 것으로 나타난다. EU 국가중에서는 최근까지 독일이 특히 기업회생에 가장 어려운 제도를 가지고 있었던 것으로 나타난다. 그러나 1999년의 새로운 법안에 담보채권에 대한 자동유예제가 도입된 이후 독일의 파산제도도 기업회생에 약간 관대해 졌다. 영국은 담보권자가 언제든지 기업을 청산할 수 있다는 점에서 1980년대 중반의 파산법개정에도 불구하고 상대적으로 채권자에 제일 유리한 제도를 가지고 있는 국가로 보인다. 한편 프랑스는 독일과 영국에 비해 기업회생에 매우 유리한 파산제도를 갖고 있다. 특히 프랑스는 중소기업을 위한 간이파산절차를 갖고 있다. 그러나 고용유지에 대한 지나친 강조가 조속한 구조조정을 어렵게 만듦으로써 실질적으로 회생되는 기업은 극소수에 불과하다. 이러한 결과를 우리 나라에 적용할 때 대기업에 대해서는 상당히 관대한 회생절차가 마련되어 있는 데 반해 중소기업의 회생을 위한 제도는 크게 미흡한 것으로 보인다. This paper examines European bankruptcy codes and provides a comparison to US law and between them on the basis of two criteria. The first criterion is the existence of a framework permitting viable but financially distressed firms to reorganize and continue doing business while nonviable firms can be liquidated, The second one is the practical possibility for small and medium sized firms to resort to a formal bankruptcy process. Since the 1980s, many European countries have been reforming their bankruptcy procedures to provide more incentives for saving financially distressed but viable firms. Nevertheless, compared to the Chapter 11, which allows the most flexibility for firms, European bankruptcy laws remain unsuccessful in these efforts. Of the European countries, German law was the least effective in re-organizing firms because of its over-emphasis on the protection of creditors' rights. However, new German law introduces a three-month automatic stay and thereby enhances efficiency in the reorganization process. The UK, despite its reform of bankruptcy laws in 1985, has the most difficult law for saving distressed firms because the individualistic behavior of the secured creditors can lead economically viable firms into premature liquidation. Compared to Germany and the UK, France has gone the furtherest toward providing a framework for resuscitating distressed firms. Moreover, it has a simple bankruptcy procedure for small and medium sized firms. However, by forcing firms to maintain employment and creditor contracts, French law can prevents firms from becoming viable. It can be inferred from this comparative analysis that Korean bankruptcy law allows too much room for large corporations to be saved while forcing small and medium sized firms to be liquidated.

다층 양막이식술로 치유된 각막천공 1 례

이우진,조문식,김준순 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.2

Purpose : We report a case of corneal perforation and descemetocele which was treared with multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation. Patient and Methods : A male patient was referred to the Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital for the management of corneal perforation from long-standing persistent epithelial defect and stromal lysis. Three to four layers of cryopreserved amniotic membrane were applied to the perforation site and anchored with interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures for the purpose of restoring the integrity of the eye and regaining corneal thickness. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with topical antibiotics, corticosteroids and autologous serum eyedrops. Result : Multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation was successful in sealing the corneal perforation. The cornea remained stable with no further leakage of the aqueous postoperatively and no signs of infection and rejection were noted. Also, restoration of the corneal thickness was observed to a considerable amount. Conclusion : Multiplayer amniotic membrane transplantation allowed a successful repair of corneal perforation and seems to be an excellent alternative to tissue adhesive, patch graft, conjunctival flap, or even panetrating keratoplasty for treating corneal perforations.

아크릴아미드-메타크릴아미드공중합체와 산성염료와의 결합

김우식,문성인,오대희,전일련 慶北大學校 産業開發硏究所 1985 硏究報告 Vol.13 No.-

Polyacrylamides which have different molecular weight and poly (acrylamide-co-methacrylamide)s which have different composition ratio were prepared. And the interaction of these polymers with methyl orange was studied by an equilibrium dialysis method in buffer solution (pH7) at 10, 20, 30, 40℃, respectively. The first binding constants and thermodynamic parameters in the course of the binding were calculated. The favorable free energy of the binding of methyl orange seems to be a result of the entropy change rather than the enthalpy change. The binding ability of methyl orange by poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylamide) was higher than that of methyl orange by polyacrylamide. The result is likely to be due to the hydrophobic property of methyl group in copolymer. However, the binding ability of methyl orange by poly (acrylamide-co-methacrylamide) of which composition ratio was 1:1 was lower than that of methyl orange by poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylamide) of which composition ratio was 2:1. This result is likely to be due to the conformation of the polymer. The thermodynamic parameters obtained were also discussed.

마산연안지역의 국지풍 순환 및 대기오염물질 확산에 관한 연구

김유근,이화운,문윤섭,김해동,원경미,정우식,오인보 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 環境硏究報 Vol.15 No.1

To investigate a horizontal windrose and the mixing height in Masan coastal area, a local atmospheric flow and the concentration of air pollutants were analyzed by abserved data from AWS, airsonde and air sampler. The land-sea breeze model and the ISCST2 model of U. S. EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) were used to predict the concentration of air pollutants such as SO2 and TSP. As a result, during spring the principal wind direction in the Masan region is mainly represented by windrose of the WNW and NW, which can be induced by land breeze and the SE and SSW of sea breeze even if weak wind speed. The mixing height during the measurement was marked with the range from 400 m(0900 LST) to 1450 m(1500 LST), and the height of an inverse layer was presented as the range from 30 m(2100 LST) to 150 m(0300 LST). It is very important to cosider the local wind field for the accurate diffusion and movement of air pollutants in coastal urban area. The atmospheric flow was simulated by the two-dimensional local wind model upon considering the orographic characteristics such as land-sea contrast, mountain valley and urban building. The result of air quality simulated by ISCST2 support that the dispersion pattern of the pollutants in that area was followed as local circulation system in coastal urban area.

산란계 사료첨가제로서 크릴분말의 효과

김종덕,장재익,유문일,정흥우,권찬호,오두식,김창현 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

본 시험은 크릴 분말의 사료적 특성을 조사하고, 산란계 사료에 첨가하였을 때 계란의 생산성과 품질을 비교하기 위하여 수해하였다. 크릴 분말을 산란계 사료에 0, 1 및 2% 수준으로 첨가하여 216수에 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 크릴분말의 일반성분은 수분 8.25%, 조단백질 50.52%, 조지방 16.67%, 조회분 15.72%로 단백질과 지방이 높은 동물성 사료원료였다. 그리고 무기질(15.72%), astaxanthin (10ppm) 및 콜레스테롤 함량 (780ppm) 또한 많았다. 산란율, 연파란율, 일일사료섭취량 및 난중은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 황고 및 난황색도는 크릴의 첨가수준이 높을수록 유의적으로 높아 산란계의 난질을 향상시키는 첨가제로서의 가능성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 크릴 분말은 단백질과 지방이 높은 동물성 사료이며, 산란계에서 천연착색제로의 가능성을 보였다. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of Antarctic Krill(Euphausia superba Dana) meal as feed, and to investigate the effect of its supplementation on productivity and egg quality of laying hen. A total of 216 layers at the age 43 weeks in commercial cage were fed for 6 weeks with 3 different diets containing 0, 1, and 2% Krill meal (KM). The chemical composition of KM was consisted of moisture 8.25%, crude protein 50.52%, crude fat 16.67%, curde ash 15.72%, indicating that KM contains large amount of protein and fat. Krill meal also contains large amounts of mineral(15.72%), astaxanthin(10ppm) and cholesterol(780ppm). No differences were found in egg production, broken and soft eggs, and feed intake among treatments. Dietary supplementation of KM resulted in increased egg yolk height(6.1㎜) and yolk color (2) compared with those of control, suggesting that KM can be used as a feed additive for yolk quality improvement. According to the results of this study, Krill meal can be supplemented in laying hen diets as protein and fat sources, and natural coloring pigment.

신세포암과 신우요로 상피암의 CT상 감별점

최효경,구동억,방선우,이문규,조경식,오용호 울산대학교 의과대학 1993 울산의대학술지 Vol.2 No.2

It may be difficult to differentiate renal cell carcinoma involving collecting system from renal pelvis urothelial tumor invading into renal parenchyma. The purpose of this study was to find out CT differential points of two diseases. 15 cases suggested invasion into other compartment in CT images were selected and evaluated about the presence or absence of hydronephrosis, CT renal function, renal contour changes due to mass and tentative diagnosis. Renal cell carcinoma was characterized by no hydronephrosis(80%), normal CT renal function (100%) and outward bulging mass(100%). However, renal pelvis urothelial tumor showed hydronephrosis(70%), abnormal CT renal function(60%) and preserved reniform shape(100%). In conclusion, renal contour changes and CT renal function are reliable criteria in differentiating two diseases.

부산광역시의 대기질 변화경향 및 특성에 관한 연구

이화운,김유근,원경미,홍정혜,문윤섭,장난심,정우식 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 環境硏究報 Vol.15 No.1