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Phosphate removal from water using an iron oxide impregnated strong base anion exchange resin
T. Nur,S Vigneswaran,M.A.H. Johir,P. Loganathan,T. Nguyen,J. Kandasamy 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.4
Removing phosphate from water is important as it causes eutrophication, which in turn has a harmful effect on aquatic life, resulting in a reduction in biodiversity. On the other hand, recovery of phosphate from phosphorus containing wastewater is essential for developing an alternative source of phosphorus to overcome the global challenge of phosphorus scarcity. Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions was studied using an iron oxide impregnated strong base anion exchange resin, Purolite FerrIX A33E in batch and fixed-bed column experiments. Phosphate adsorption in the batch study satisfactorily fitted to the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 48 mg P/g. In the column study, increase in inlet phosphate concentration (5–30 mg P/L), and filtration velocity (2.5–10 m/h) resulted in faster breakthrough times and increase in breakthrough adsorption capacities. Increase in bed height (3–19 cm) also increased adsorption capacity but the breakthrough time was slower. The breakthrough data were reasonably well described using the empirical models of Bohart–Adams, Thomas, and Yoon–Nelson, except for high bed heights. Phosphate adsorbed was effectively desorbed using 1 M NaOH and the adsorbent was regenerated after each of three adsorption/desorption cycles by maintaining the adsorption capacity at >90% of the original value. Greater than 99.5% of the desorbed P was recovered by precipitation using CaCl2.
M.LOGANATHAN,A.RAMESH 한국자동차공학회 2009 International journal of automotive technology Vol.10 No.2
In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential. In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential.
Split map And idempotent separating congruence
V. M. Chandrasekaran,M. Loganathan 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.18 No.1-2
Let T be a regular semigroup and let S be a regular subsemigroup of T. In this paper we study the relationship between the idempotent separating congruence on S and the idempotent separating congruence on T, when T and S are connected by a splitmap : T ! S.
SPLIT MAP AND IDEMPOTENT SEPARATING CONGRUENCE
CHANDRASEKARAN, V. M.,LOGANATHAN, M. 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.18 No.1
Let T be a regular semigroup and let S be a regular subsemigroup of T. In this paper we study the relationship between the idempotent separating congruence on S and the idempotent separating congruence on T, when T and S are connected by a splitmap ${\theta} : T {\to} S$.
Structure of the Double Four-spiral Semigroup
CHANDRASEKARAN, V.M.,LOGANATHAN, M. Department of Mathematics 2003 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.43 No.4
In this paper, we first give an alternative description of the fundamental orthodox semigroup $\bar{A}$(1, 2). We then use this to represent the double four-spiral semigroup $DSp_4$ as a regular Rees matrix semigroup over $\bar{A}$(1, 2).
Divyanth L. G.,Chelladurai V.,Loganathan M.,Jayas Digvir S.,Soni Peeyush 한국농업기계학회 2022 바이오시스템공학 Vol.47 No.3
Purpose Green gram (Vigna radiata) is an important food legume of the world. However, post-harvest losses due to pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), are significant due to improper storage management practices and undetected internal infestations. The detection of early stages of infestation could help in implementing suitable control practices for insect disinfestation. This study determined the potential of detecting internal infestations caused by C. maculatus using the soft X-ray method and deep learning. Furthermore, this study aims to reduce the time and effort needed to prepare a huge amount of image data for this highly data-driven process by using generative adversarial networks (GANs). Methods A three-class classification method was implemented to identify the infestation stages, namely, uninfested kernel, larva stage, and pupa stage. The approach was based on features extraction from the deepest pooling layer of a state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network architecture—the Xception, and using support vector machine as the classifier. Moreover, a GAN model was proposed to synthesize artificial X-ray images. Results The overall F1-score produced by the model was improved from 0.86 to 0.91 when the GAN-synthesized dataset additionally supported the training data. Also, the classification accuracy for detecting the stage of internal infestation improved by 5.5%. Conclusion The experiment showed that X-ray imaging and deep learning–based automatic features extraction could identify internal infestation in green gram grains. The results determine that augmentation using GANs can enhance the status of learningbased grain quality assessment models with reduced manual effort.