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중국 법원의 암호화된 가상통화에 대한 인정 및 관련 판례 연구
우로평 ( Yu Luping ),제혜금 ( Zhu Huiqin ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2020 法學硏究 Vol.28 No.2
중앙은행이 발행하는 디지털머니와는 달리 암호화된 가상화폐는 개발자가 발행하고 통제하며 정부규제를 받지 않으며, 한 가상 커뮤니티의 구성원 간에 유통되는 암호기술을 적용해 암호화한 개인이 발행하는 디지털화폐이다. 최근 몇 년 암호화 가상화폐가 세계적으로 화제가 되고 있으며 투자, 매매, 암호화 가상화폐 발행을 하는 개인이나 조직도 점점 늘어나고 있지만, 암호화된 가상화폐에 대한 국가의 법적 인정, 규제 및 보호는 서로 다르다. 이런 현실에서 암호화된 가상화폐에 대한 중국 법원의 시각에 대한 연구는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 중국 법원은 암호화된 가상화폐에 관한 재판문건 507건을 연구한 결과 암호화된 가상화폐의 적정성 및 법적 보호 여부 등에 대한 일치성이 없어 같은 판례에서 상반된 판결을 내린 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 상황은 중국인민은행이 발행한 ‘기호화폐 발행에 대비한 융자 리스크에 관한 공고'와 ‘비트코인 리스크에 대한 통지'와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 법적인 법규가 암호화된 가상화폐의 개념, 보호 등에 대해 구체적으로 규정하지 않은 경우, 인민은행의 기호화폐 발행 융자와 비트코인 환전에 대한 금지 규정은 암호화된 가상화폐 거래에 대한 법원의 관점의 실천에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 이로 인해 암호화된 가상화폐는 중국 사법의 실천에서 법적 보호를 받기 어려운 부정적인 결과를 초래한다. Different from the digital currency issued by the central bank, cryptographic virtual currencies is a kind of private digital currency which is issued and controlled by developers, not supervised by the government, and circulated among members of a virtual community, and encrypted by cryptography technology. In recent years, cryptographic virtual currencies has aroused heated discussion all over the world. There are more and more individuals or organizations investing, buying, selling and issuing cryptographic virtual currencies, but the legal recognition, supervision and protection of cryptographic virtual currencies are different in each country. Based on this reality, it is of great significance to study the views and attitudes of Chinese courts towards cryptographic virtual currencies. It is not difficult to find out from the research of 507 judgment documents related to cryptographic virtual currencies in Chinese courts that there is a lack of consistency in the qualitative and legal protection and there is a reverse judgment in the same case. The reason for this is closely related to the《Notice on Preventing Financing Risk of Token Issuance 》and the 《Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks》 by the People's Bank of China. In the laws and regulations for the encryption of the concept of virtual currency, protection do not make specific provision, the People's Bank of scrip issue of finance and currency exchange prohibitive provisions directly influenced the court attitude to encrypted virtual currency trading point of view, leading to the encrypted virtual currency in the judicial practice in China is difficult to get legal protection of negative consequences.
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RETURN CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC POWER STEERING UNEQUIPPED WITH AN ANGLE SEN
Shaosong Li,Luping Guo,Gaojian Cui,Zhixin Yu,Xiaohui Lu,Guodong Wang 한국자동차공학회 2019 International journal of automotive technology Vol.20 No.2
A steering wheel may not be able to return to the center position due to friction torque in its mechanism. Thus, in this study, a return controller is developed to improve the returnability of an electric power steering vehicle without an angle sensor. The aligning moment is well estimated on the basis of a Kalman filter estimator. A trigger rule is also proposed to switch between assist and return controls. Finally, the compensation current for the return control is regulated in accordance with the aligning moment and vehicle speeds. Simulation and real vehicle results show that the proposed control system can significantly improve the returnability of the steering system.
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Cho, Sung,Rolczynski, Brian S.,Xu, Tao,Yu, Luping,Chen, Lin X. American Chemical Society 2015 The Journal of physical chemistry B Vol.119 No.24
<P>Using ultrafast polarization-controlled transient absorption (TA) measurements, dynamics of the initial exciton states were investigated on the time scale of tens of femtoseconds to about 80 ps in two different types of conjugated polymers extensively used in active layers of organic photovoltaic devices. These polymers are poly(3-fluorothienothiophenebenzodithiophene) (PTB7) and poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), which are charge-transfer polymers and homopolymers, respectively. In PTB7, the initial excitons with excess vibrational energy display two observable ultrafast time constants, corresponding to coherent exciton diffusion before the vibrational relaxation, and followed by incoherent exciton diffusion processes to a neighboring local state after the vibrational relaxation. In contrast, P3HT shows only one exciton diffusion or conformational motion time constant of 34 ps, even though its exciton decay kinetics are multiexponential. Based on the experimental results, an exciton dynamics mechanism is conceived taking into account the excitation energy and structural dependence in coherent and incoherent exciton diffusion processes, as well as other possible deactivation processes including the formation of the pseudo-charge-transfer and charge separate states, as well as interchain exciton hopping or coherent diffusion.</P>
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Lu, Luyao,Xu, Tao,Chen, Wei,Lee, Ju Min,Luo, Zhiqiang,Jung, In Hwan,Park, Hyung Il,Kim, Sang Ouk,Yu, Luping American Chemical Society 2013 NANO LETTERS Vol.13 No.6
<P>This paper reports an improved solar cell performance of 8.6% by incorporation of N-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes (N-MCNTs) into BHJ solar cells composed of PTB7 and PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM. It was demonstrated for the first time that incorporation of N-MCNTs leads to not only increased nanocrystallite sizes but also smaller phase-separated domain sizes of both PTB7 copolymers and PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM from X-ray scattering study. The results show that N-MCNTs could serve as both exciton dissociation centers and charge transfer channels. The enhanced charge dissociation probabilities and effective charge carrier lifetime in the active layer material offer evidence to support the conclusion that N-MCNTs facilitated charge separation and transport.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2013/nalefd.2013.13.issue-6/nl304533j/production/images/medium/nl-2012-04533j_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl304533j'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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