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Lee, Yangkyu,Park, Hyunjin,Lee, Hyejung,Cho, Jai Young,Yoon, Yoo-Seok,Choi, Young-Rok,Han, Ho-Seong,Jang, Eun Sun,Kim, Jin-Wook,Jeong, Sook-Hyang,Ahn, Soomin,Kim, Haeryoung 대한병리학회 2018 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.52 No.2
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>We aimed to determine the clinicopathological significance of the gross classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) guidelines.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>A retrospective analysis was performed on 242 cases of consecutively resected solitary primary HCC between 2003 and 2012 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The gross classification (vaguely nodular [VN], expanding nodular [EN], multinodular confluent [MC], nodular with perinodular extension [NP], and infiltrative [INF]) was reviewed for all cases, and were correlated with various clinicopathological features and the expression status of “stemness”-related (cytokeratin 19 [CK19], epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM]), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [uPAR] and Ezrin) markers.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Significant differences were seen in overall survival (p=.015) and disease-free survival (p = .034) according to the gross classification; INF type showed the worst prognosis while VN and EN types were more favorable. When the gross types were simplified into two groups, type 2 HCCs (MC/NP/INF) were more frequently larger and poorly differentiated, and showed more frequent microvascular and portal venous invasion, intratumoral fibrous stroma and higher pT stages compared to type 1 HCCs (EN/VN) (p<.05, all). CK19, EpCAM, uPAR, and ezrin expression was more frequently seen in type 2 HCCs (p<.05, all). Gross classification was an independent predictor of both overall and disease-free survival by multivariate analysis (overall survival: p=.030; hazard ratio, 4.118; 95% confidence interval, 1.142 to 14.844; disease-free survival: p=.016; hazard ratio, 1.617; 95% confidence interval, 1.092 to 2.394).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>The gross classification of HCC had significant prognostic value and type 2 HCCs were associated with clinicopathological features of aggressive behavior, increased expression of “stemness”- and EMT-related markers, and decreased survival.</P>
Large Scale Manufacturing Systems Modeling Tools Based on Object-oriented Petri Nets
Lee, YangKyu,Park, Sung Joo 한국정보전략학회 1999 추계공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.01
Manufacturing systems are usually large, complex, and concurrent in nature that makes it difficult to model and simulate the behavior in advance. The paper proposes an approach, called OPNets, for modeling and validating manufacturing systems. The approach is based on object-oriented high-level Petri nets in which modeling components of Petri net are constructed into object hierarchy. The objects communicate with each other by passing messages. To enhance the reusability and maintainability, a system are developed by object hierarchy. Inheritance among object hierarchy is also supported in OPNets. The modeling scheme of OPNets tries to resolve the complexity problems of Petri net.
이양규(Yangkyu Lee) 한국신뢰성학회 2016 신뢰성응용연구 Vol.16 No.1
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the object-oriented metrics which have strong impact on the reliability and fault-proneness of software products. The reliability and fault-proneness of software product is closely related to the design properties of class diagrams such as coupling between objects and depth of inheritance tree. Methods: This study has empirically validated the object-oriented metrics to determine which metrics are the best to predict fault-proneness. We have tested the metrics using logistic regressions and artificial neural networks. The results are then compared and validated by ROC curves. Results: The artificial neural network models show better results in sensitivity, specificity and correctness than logistic regression models. Among object-oriented metrics, several metrics can estimate the fault-proneness better. The metrics are CBO (coupling between objects), DIT (depth of inheritance), LCOM (lack of cohesive methods), RFC (response for class). In addition to the object-oriented metrics, LOC (lines of code) metric has also proven to be a good factor for determining fault-proneness of software products. Conclusion: In order to develop fault-free and reliable software products on time and within budget, assuring quality of initial phases of software development processes is crucial. Since object-oriented metrics can be measured in the early phases, it is important to make sure the key metrics of software design as good as possible.
Expression of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein in Hepatocytes Suppresses CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cell Activity
Lee, Mi Jin,Jin, Young-hee,Kim, Kyongmin,Choi, Yangkyu,Kim, Hyoung-Chin,Park, Sun The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2010 Immune Network Vol.10 No.4
Background: $CD8^+$ T cells contribute to the clearance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and an insufficient $CD8^+$ T cell response may be one of the major factors leading to chronic HBV infection. Since the HBx antigen of HBV can up-regulate cellular expression of several immunomodulatory molecules, we hypothesized that HBx expression in hepatocytes might affect $CD8^+$ T cell activity. Methods: We analyzed the activation and apoptosis of $CD8^+$ T cells co-cultured with primary hepatocytes rendered capable of expressing HBx by recombinant baculovirus infection. Results: Expression of HBx in hepatocytes induced low production of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, with no effect on CD8 T cell proliferation. However, transcriptional levels of H-2K, ICAM-1 and PD-1 ligand did not correlate with HBx expression in hepatocytes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HBx may inhibit $CD8^+$ T cell response by regulation of $interferon-{\gamma}$ production and apoptosis.
생분해성 고분자(PLGA)로 캡슐화한 Magnetite 나노입자의 제조
이호석(Ho Seok Lee),정일엽(Il Yeop Choung),송기창(Ki Chang Song),안양규(Yangkyu Ahn),최은정(Eun Chung Choi) 한국자기학회 2006 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.16 No.1
Magnetite nanoparticles encapsulated with biodegradable polymer [poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), PLGA] were prepared by an emulsification-diffusion method. To investigate the effect of type of organic solvents on the mean particle sizes of obtained composite particles, different organic solvents [ethyl acetate (EA), propylene carbonate (PC) and acetone (ACE)] were used with a stabilizer [didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DMAB)]. The particle size of nanoparticles was observed by the dynamic light scattering method. When EA and PC as partially water-soluble solvents were used, small composite nanoparticles below 80 ㎚ were obtained, while large composite nanoparticles above 330 ㎚ were prepared for ACE as a fully water-soluble solvent.
Ha Jun-Woo,Lee Yangkyu,Kim Kyung Hyun,Moon Bong Ju,Park Jeong Yoon,Chin Dong Kyu,Kim Keun Su,Jang Hyun Jun 대한말초신경학회 2024 The Nerve Vol.10 No.1
Isolated spinal artery aneurysms are rare vascular lesions of the spinal cord. Due to their rarity, the natural disease course and treatment guidelines have not been clearly defined. Here, we report a case of an angiography-negative isolated spinal aneurysm in the thoracic spine surgically that was treated without neurological compromise using indocyanine green (ICG) and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). A 52-year-old man without any prior medical history presented to the emergency room with acute lower back and bilateral leg pain accompanied by worsening voiding and difficulty defecating. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine showed a diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage in the lumbar spine. The patient was initially treated conservatively with painkillers, but experienced a rapid recurrence of symptoms. A follow-up MRI scan showed subacute transformation and expansion of the subarachnoid hematoma, as well as a non-enhancing, intradural, extramedullary lesion at the T12/L1 level. Angiography did not show any remarkable findings, and surgical exploration revealed a thrombosed aneurysmal lesion. The lesion did not show ICG uptake, and temporary clipping of the caudal end of the lesion did not lead to changes in motor-evoked potential signals. A pathological examination revealed a capillary vascular structure in granulation tissue with organizing thrombi, favoring a thrombosed, granulated lesion over a vascular neoplasm. Ruptured, isolated spinal aneurysms can be especially difficult to diagnose and treat when angiography findings are negative. We report that a spinal artery aneurysm can be safely excised using intraoperative ICG and IONM.