운동형태별 밸런스 테이핑 적용이 EMG 활동 및 혈중 피로물질 반응에 미치는 영향

이효성,이용식,변재철 한국운동역학회 2004 한국운동역학회지 Vol.14 No.3

H-S Lee, Y-S Lee, J-C Byun. The effects of EMG activity and blood fatigue makers on balance taping treatment by exercise type. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 271-284, 2004. The purpose of this study was to analyse the EMG activity of selected muscles with balance taping treatment and blood fatigue makers which accumulated during exercise of progressive maximal intensity. Ten male college students who did not experience any cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal disease were participated in this study. Balance taping were applied to rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranous, and around knee joint. Isokinetic knee joint flexion/extension force, EMG activity, lactate and ammonia as blood fatigue makers during progressive maximal intensity exercise were measured for with/without applying balance taping. The results indicated that although flexion force of total work at 60˚/sec with taping was increased applied taping did not affect to the aerobic exercise ability parameters. Lactate level as blood fatigue makers during progressive maximal intensity exercise after taping was decreased but the ammonia level did not change with same treatment. In isokinetic knee joint test at the angular velocity of 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, and 240˚//sec the taping treatment did not affect to any selected muscle EMG activities except maximal EMG of vastus lateralis at 240˚/sec.

새만금 간척지 첨단온실 에너지 설계를 위한 풍환경 및 온실 피복재의 영향 분석

서효재(Hyo-Jae Seo),서일환(Il-Hwan Seo),노득하(Deuk-ha Noh),이학성(Haksung Lee) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2023 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구에서는 새만금과 같은 간척지를 활용하여 대규모 첨단온실단지를 조성하는 경우 간척지의 환경적 특수성 중 높은 풍속에 따른 유리 단열재의 에너지 효율을 평가하였다. 현장에서 주로 사용되는 온실 단열재 중 4가지에 대한 평가 결과, 최대 37.4%의 에너지 차이를 보여, 온실 피복재의 선정이 중요함을 제시하였다. 이를 바탕으로 일반적인 내륙에서의 온실을 설계하는 것과 달리, 간척지에서는 내재해성 온실규격을 따라 시설을 설계하여야 하며, 에너지 소비량은 높아진 풍속과 재질을 고려하여 산정되어야 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 에너지 효율성을 온실 피복재의 종류와 풍속에 따라서 제시하고 있으며, 이는 대규모 첨단온실 조성 시 에너지 소비량을 예측하고, 이를 바탕으로 신재생에너지원을 포함하는 에너지 설계에 활용될 수 있다. The external weather conditions including temperature and wind speed in the Saemangeum reclaimed land is different from that of the inland, affecting the internal environment of the greenhouse. Therefore, it is important to select an appropriate covering material considering the insulation effect according to the type and characteristics of the covering material considering the weather condition in the Saemangeum reclaimed land. A hexahedral insulation chamber was designed to evaluate the insulation efficiency of each glass-clad material in the outside weather condition in reclaimed land. In order to evaluate the insulation effect of each covering material, a radiator was installed and real-time power consumption was monitored. 16-mm PC (polycarbonate), 16-mm PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), 4-mm greenhouse glass, and 16-mm double-layered glass were used as the covering materials of the chamber. In order to understand the effect of the external wind directions, the windward and downwind insulation properties were evaluated. As a result of comparing the thermal insulation effect of each greenhouse cover material to single-layer glass, the thermal insulation effect of double-layer glass was 16.9% higher, while PMMA and PC were 62.5% and 131.2% higher respectively. On average the wind speed on the windward side was 53.1% higher than that on the lee-wind side, and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the chamber at the wind ward side was found to be 52.0% larger than that on the lee ward side. During the experiment period, the overall heating operation time for PC was 39.2% lower compared to other insulation materials. Showing highest energy efficiency, and compared to PC, single-layer glass power consumption was 37.4% higher.

동일한 환자에서 조혈모세포이식 전후의 호중구감소 기간 중 감염양상에 대한 비교연구 : 중심정맥관 관련 패혈증을 중심으로 Based on Central Venous Catheter Related Septicemia

류재호,노규태,이영석,이영호,권혁찬,김재석,김효진,이영민,박혜원,박근희 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2002 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.7 No.1

연구배경: 동일한 환자를 대상으로 조혈모세포이식 전 일반 병실에서의 관해유도 항암제치료 및 강화요법으로 인한 호중구감소 기간의 감염양상과 고용량 항암제치료 후 무균실에서의 조혈모세포이식 시 호중구감소 기간의 감염양상을 중심정맥관 관련 패혈증을 중심으로 비교 연구함으로써 효율적인 감염관리지침을 마련하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 1월부터 2001년 7월까지 2년 7개월간 동아대학교병원 일반병실에서 악성혈액질환으로 항암제 치료를 받다가 조혈모세포이식을 시행받았던 22명을 대상으로 중심정맥관 관련 패혈증의 형태를 비교분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환자들의 일반병실과 무균실에서의 입원기간은 각각 32±13일, 33±19일, 호중구 감소기간은 15±12일, 17±18일, 호중구 감소기간의 발열 횟수는 14회, 14회로서 입원병실의 종류에 따른 차이는 없었다. 환자들의 중심정맥관 사용일수는 일반병실에서 29일(7~545일), 무균실에서 100.5일(25~606일)이었으며, 총 사용일수는 각각 1,515일, 3,250일로서 무균실에서의 중심정맥관 사용일수가 의미 있게 길었다(P=0.001). 중심정맥관 사용 일수에 대한 감염률은 각각 5.28/1,000일, 3.08/1,000일로서 일반병실에서 그 빈도가 높았으나 통계적 유의성은 보이지 않았다(P=0.141). 결론: 중심정맥관 삽입 후 일반병실에서 항암제 치료를 받던 환자가 조혈모세포이식을 위하여 무균실에 입원하는 경우, 중심정맥관을 교체하는 것이 감염관리를 위하여 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. Background: We compared the incidence of central venous catheter (CVC) related septicemia during neutropenic period in the same patient, which developed following chemotherapy for remission induction and consolidation, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and laboratory data of 22 patients with hematologic malignancies who received anticancer chemotherapy followed by HSCT at Dong-A University Hospital between January, 1999 and July, 2001. We investigated the duration of hospitalization, duration of neutropenic period, duration of catheterization, microbiologically documented organisms and incidence of CVC related septicemia. Results: The data in general ward (before HSCT) and laminar air flow room (after HSCT) were as follows: duration of hospitalization was 32±13 days and 33±19 days, duration of neutropenic period was 15±12 days and 17±18 days, median duration of catheterization was 29 days (7~545 days) and 100.5 days (25~606 days) (P=0.001), and incidence of CVC related septicemia was 5.28/1000 days and 3.08/1000 days, respectively. In the CVC related septicemia, the most common etiologic organism was coagulase negative staphylococcus. Conclusion: We suggest that the exchange of CVC before admission to laminar air flow room could decrease the incidence of CVC related septicemia in HSCT recipients.

Novel Methylation Biomarker for Non-invasive Diagnostics in Lung Cancer

오태정,( Chang Hun Lee2 ),( Min Ki Lee ),( Yeul Hong Kim ),( Sang Yull Lee ),( Hyo Sung Jeon ),( Shin Yup Lee ),( Seung Soo Yoo ),( Jae Yong Park ),( Sung Whan An ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2012 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.114 No.-

To identify aberrantly hypermethylated DNA in lung cancer cells we established a genome-wide analysis for hypermethylation sites, namely Methyl DNA Isolation and Amplification (MeDIA) coupled-CpG microarray analysis. In the comprehensive methyaltion profiling analysis between human lung cancer, A549 cells and normal NHBE cells, we observed that several clusters of genes show a significant level of aberrancy in CpG island methylation pattern in cancer cells compared to normal cells. We further identified PCDHGA12 gene as a new marker of non-invasive diagnostics for lung cancer based on followings. 1) Transcription of PCDHGA12 gene is reactivated after treatment of A549 cells with demethylating agent. 2) Bisulfide clonal-sequencing reveals that CpG island of PCDHGA12 shows a distinctive differential methylation between two cell lines. 3) Pyrosequencing-based quantitative methylation assay for such region in tumor and non-tumorous tissues from lung cancer patients shows aberrant hypermethylation in 37 (92%) of the 40 tumor tissues. In clinical validation by pyrosequencingin induced-sputum of lung cancer patients (n=87) and healthy controls (n=51), we observed aberrant hypermethylation incident at significantly elevated level in samples derived from lung cancer patients. According to the optimal threshold calculated by ROC curve analysis, sensitivity and specificity of PCDHGA12 was 86.2% and 82.4%, respectively. PCDHGA12 methylation status could be a potential methylation biomarker alone or combined with others for the screen and the detection of relapse of lung cancer.

다형성교아세포종을 동반한 Von Recklinghausen氏 병 1예

이현개,이종수,백민우,이승재,박효일,지제근 인제대학교 1981 仁濟醫學 Vol.2 No.4

가족성으로 신경섬유종증에 동반되는 중추신경계의 종양으로 수막종, 신경교종, 신경초종 등이 있으며 이들은 드물지 않게 보고되었다. 그러나 신경교세포에 생기는 종양 중 신경섬유종증에 동반되어 대뇌에 생긴 다형성교아세포종은 매우 드물다. 본 교실에서 가족성으로 발생한 신경섬유종증의 환자에 동반된 다형성교아세포종을 경험하였으며 가족중 부친은 von Recklinghausen씨 병을, 또 두 자녀는 다발성 cafe´ au lait spots를 가지고 있었다. The tumors of the central nervous system associated with familial neurofibromatosis are meningioma, glioma, and neurilemmoma, which are not uncommon. Of the glial tumors of the central nervous system, the association of cerebral glioblastoma multiforme with neurofibro matosis is very rare. We have experienced the unusual coincidence of neurofibromatosis and glioblastoma multiforme in a 33 year old man, whose father was afflicted with von Recklinghausen's disease and whose son and daughter had also multiple cafe´ au lait spots on their bodies.

치과주조용 Ag-Pd-Zn-Sn-In 합금의 시효경화 특성

이재호,김명진,이희경,김형일,설효정 大韓齒科器材學會 2004 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Cu가 첨가되어 있지 않고, 대신에 상대적으로 많은 양의 Zn 그리고 소량의 Sn과 In이 첨가된 치과주조용 Ag-Pd-Zn-Sn-In 합금의 시효경화 특성을 경도 시험, X선회절 실험, 주사전자현미경 관찰, 전자탐침 미소분석법으로 조사하여, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 950℃에서 용체화처리된 시편을 500℃와 550℃에서 등온시효처리하면, 시효 초기에 경도가 완만히 상승하여 최고 경도에 도달하였고 최고 경도를 일정 기간 유지하고 나서 서서히 하강하였다. 2. 용체화처리된 시편은 Pd 원자가 고용된 Ag-rich α1상, Pd3Sn인 α2상, Pd2Zn인 α3상의 3상 공존이었고, 등온시효처리함에 따라 Ag-rich α1상에서 Pd-rich 상으로 추정되는 β상이 석출하였다. 3. 시효 초기의 경화는 Ag-rich 기지에서 Pd-rich 상의 석출로 인한 격자변형에 기인하는 것으로 추정된다. 4. 시효처리 시간을 연장함에 따른 과시효 연화는 입계에 Ag-rich α1상과 Pd-rich β상으로 된 층상조직의 석출과 조대화에 기인하였다. 5. Pd3Sn인 α2상과 Pd2Zn인 α3상은 시효경화에 기여하지 않았다. Age-hardening characteristics of a dental casting Ag-Pd-Zn-Sn-In alloy without copper (52.0 wt% Ag - 39.9 wt% Pd - 4.0 wt% Zn - 2.0 wt% Sn - 2.0 wt% In - 0.1 wt% Ir) was investigated by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction study, scanning electron microscopic observations and electron probe microanalysis. The specimen solution-treated at 950℃ was three phases of the Ag-rich α1 phase containing Pd element, the α2 phase based on Pd3Sn and the α3 phase based on Pd2Zn, and the Pd-rich β phase was precipitated from the Ag-rich α1 phase by the isothermal ageing,. The initial hardening seemed to be attributed to coherency strains which were formed in the Ag-rich matrix by the precipitation of Pd-rich phase. Overageing with softening was due to the formation and coarsening of the lamella precipitates at grain boundaries, which were composed of the Ag-rich α1 and Pd-rich β phases. The α2 phase based on Pd3Sn and the α3 phase based on Pd2Zn did not contribute to the age-hardening of this alloy.

한국 화교 및 화교 이동에 관한 연구

李效再,朴銀瓊 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1981 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The population of Korean Chinese in 1979 was 30,117, among which 94% were from the Shantung peninsula. Compared to the Southeast Asian Chinese, the society of Korean Chinese are a homogeneous ethnic group which uses the same language, came from the same area, and follows the ideology of anti-communism as directed by the Taiwan government. 78% of Korean Chinese are engaged in restaurant businesses, and the others are engaged in general merchandise retailing, Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese herb shops, tearooms, public bath businesses, and tailor shops. In general, job and business opportunities open to Chinese are very limited in Korea. The major organization of Chinese society is " the Chinese Central Association" to which fifth-one local associations belong. Chinese associations play a middleman role between Chinese people and the Chinese embassy in Seoul by reporting people's opinions to the embassy and sending messages from the embassy to the people. Other voluntary organizations are restaurant business associations, local and surname associations, religious and educational associations, and so on which add up to twenty. Most of the voluntary organizations are usually linked to one another through interlocking relations. Thus, leaders in a Chinese community play multiple roles in different associations. Most Chinese children attend Chinese schools which consist of one year of kindergarten, six tears of primary school, and six years of high school. As of 1980, there are nationwide one kindergartens, thirty-nine primary schools, and five high schools. The years of 1882 saw the beginning of Chinese immigration to Korea which was the result of a treaty on trade between Korea and China. Although there were only 209 Chinese in 1883, The Chinese population in Korea reached the level of 82,600 people in 1942. After 1945, however, the division of the country forced two-thirds of the Chinese to live in the northern part of the peninsula. The drop of Chinese immigration after the communalization of mainland China in 1949 also contributed to the decrease of the Chinese population in South Korea along with the government's ban on any immigration into the country. Since then the Chinese population increased only by natural growth, and it reached 32,980 in 1972. In the 1970's, the Chinese population slowly decreased to reach the level of only 29,600 in 1980. The decrease of the Chinese population in the 1970's has been the result of migration of Chinese people to foreign lands. In order to find the trend of their actual mobility, the statistics of Chinese entry-exit have been reviewed. In 1967 the number of entries was 2,600 and the number of was 2,800. Since 1970 it shows a sharp increase and, in 1977, the number of Chinese entering the country was 18,300 and the number leaving the country was 20,00. In other words, the Korean Chinese changed their way of life by traveling back and forth frequently, and some of them even live in Taiwan, visiting Korea once a year only to renew residenceship. These people can be categorized as 'mobile population'. The number of reentry for residence in 1979 was 6,638 which is 22% if the Korean Chinese. If we assume that the average Chinese goes overseas and comes back twice a year, it can be estimated that 11% of Koran Chinese belong to the category of 'mobile population'. In addition, the number of visas issued by the Chinese consulate in Seoul, the number of entries and exits of overseas Chinese to Taiwan, and the number of graduates from Taiwan colleges and junior colleges were also analyzed to prove the high mobility of Korean Chinese in the 1970's. Most of the Korean Chinese who moved out of Korean go to Taiwan and to the United States of America. In this paper, only migration to Taiwan has been analyzed. Interviews were conducted during the period of January and February of 1980 with fifty one Koran Chinese who reside in Taiwan. Life in Taiwan for these emigrants was proven not to be that of a comfortable and leisurely nature. Instead, Korean Chinese have found themselves in a category of a 'minority in their fatherland, i.e. the Korean Chinese formed their own small society by getting together by themselves, having certain common stores they shop, and having little chance to make new Taiwanese friends. The reasons are that either they are too busy keeping stores or small restaurants, or they spend most of their time seeing each other. Moreover, those who do not have any jobs usually engage in a kind of 'shuttle trade', which is conducted by traveling between Korea and Taiwan. Traveling between the two countries, Chinese carry items like herbal drugs, jewels made of ivory, coral, and jade, tapestries, toys and so on from Taiwan to Korea, and blankets, bed spreads, clothes, dresses, ginseng products, and others from Korea to Taiwan. This shuttle trade has become possible by the well systematized process including institutions like drug stores, jewelry stores, and gift shops in Taiwan, and many middleman who purchase the carried items. The store managers in Taiwan take all the carried items from Korea, as well as supplying items to be carried to Korea. Most Chinese migrate to Taiwan as individuals rather than as a whole family. Many Chinese families in Korea end up having their members spread out in different countries, becoming a 'multinational family'. Among the fifty one cases studied, thirty (58%) went to Taiwan for study. Among thirty cases, only seven were attending colleges at the time of study, the rest having been settled in Taiwan after gradation or dropping out of school. The tread is likely to continue that Korean Chinese students entering Taiwan colleges will end up setting in Taiwan more or less permanently. Chinese students in Korea are encouraged by teachers and parents to apply to colleges in Taiwan rather than applying to Korean colleges. One of the major reasons is the way they were educated in primary textbooks under a Chinese curriculum, and are taught by Taiwan colleges educated teachers. The Korean governments liberal educational police for foreigners helped to create the above situation. Therefore Chinese students are well exposed to Chinese culture and society before they go to Taiwan. The strong ethnic identity achieved by pure Chinese education surely induced many Chinese students to apply to Taiwan colleges and to settle in Taiwan. Moreover, other policies of the Korean government in the areas such as naturalization and financial aid, are very restrictive toward Chinese. Curiously enough, a seemingly contradictory policy of permissive education and restrictive naturalization and commerce has maintained a strong ethnic among Chinese people. As a result Chinese began to search for an alternative to give their ethnic identity not a weakness but a pride. Since being a Chinese is a weakness in Korea, Chinese people moved out, leaving their Korean hometowns. Korean Chinese society has a basic group identity as H. Isaacs remarked in "Basic Group Identity: The Idols of the Tribe" ( in Ethnicity : Theory and Experience, edited with an introduction by N, Glazer and Daniel P, Moynihan, 1975). "The Chinese group in Korea is not used as a political or economic unit un order to get ethnic interest as Glazer, Mpynihan and Patterson indicated in the same book. Rather Chinese identity became an ideology in that society. As Aronson insisted, Chinese identity in Korea operates as a leading ideology among Chinese people in Korea. Being one of the first exploratory researches on Korean Chinese, this study has taken a general approach. Future research should deal with more specific subjects such as interethnic relationships between Koreans and Chinese, intermarriages between them, assimilation patterns, the different value systems between the first, second, and third generation Chinese and other anthropological issues. And since many Chinese moved to the United States, a follow-up study of Korean Chinese in the U.S. will be an interesting cross-cultural study.

알코올의 섭취가 흰쥐의 혈액과 간의 지질대사에 미치는 영향

이명숙,김영연,김효숙,김매하,전진순,서진숙,송선미,양영재,윤원손,이미라,이효영,정승현 誠信女子大學校 生活文化硏究所 2004 生活文化硏究 Vol.18 No.-

To investigate the effects of ethanol on the lipid metabolism in blood and liver, twenty one male Sprague Dawley rats had orally taken the 25% alcohol and 50% alcohol by 5g per Kg of weight during 3 weeks after the adjusting period. For the energy balance, 85% sucrose and 45% sucrose was added in control group and 25% alcohol group each. The weight was reduced by alcohol treatment according to the levels, otherwise the weight of liver and heart was little increased in alcohol groups rather than in control without significance. Moreover, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased by alcohol treatment according to the levels without significance. Otherwise, adjusted bilirubin levels by 100g of weight was significantly increased by alcohol treatment dose dependently. Alcohol induced RBC degradation and increased circulated bilirubin because of liver damage. For blood lipid profiles, blood cholesterol was increased in 50% of alcohol group compared to that of 25% and control groups, otherwise, blood triglycerides (TG) was increased by 30% in 25% alcohol groups rather than in control but not significantly different. The hepatic lipid composition, cholesterol levels in alcohol treatment groups was lower than those in control. The hepatic TG was not influenced by alcohol treatment. The two reasons of decreasing hepatic lipids were suggested by 85% sucrose of control for energy balance more synthesized cholesterol and TG than those in 25 or 50% alcohol groups, and by cholesterol and TG could not be synthesized because of liver damage from alcohol.

SnO₂/TiO₂후막형 습도센서의 제조 및 특성

이건동,이재현,박효덕,이덕동,최흥문 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1991 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.2 No.1

SnO_(2) doped with TiO_(2) and other activating agents, is used as a raw material to prepare humidity sensors. SnO_(2) is an n-type semiconductor whose resistance is described as a function of relative humidity. SnO_(2)/TiO_(2) thick film humidity sensors have been fabricated by using typical silk screen printing techniques. The humidity sensitivity of SnO_(2)/TiO_(2) thick film has been investigated. And the sensing characteristics of the fabricated SnO_(2)/TiO_(2) sensors such as resistance change and response time, has been investigated from R.H.20 % to 90 %. Experimental results show that the impedance-humidity characteristics of the humidity sensors depend on the microstructure of surface roughness and pore size distribution.

영광원자력발전소 주변의 식생과 식물현존량 추정

이호준,양효식,전영문,정흥락,강재구,방제용 建國大學校基礎科學硏究所 1996 理學論集 Vol.21 No.-

영광원자력발전소 주변의 식생에 대한 식물사회학적 조사를 실시하였으며, 순 1차 생산량과 식물현존량을 추정하였다. 또한 상관에 의해 현존식생도 및 녹지자연도를 작성하였다(1:50,000). Z-M 방식에 의한 삼림식생은 소나무군락과 곰솔군락으로 구분되었다. 전체적으로 교목층에 소나무와 곰솔, 아교목층에 졸참나무와 곰솔, 관목층에 털진달래와 신갈나무, 초본층에 털대사초와 그늘사초 등의 피복지수가 우세하게 나타났다. 토양의 pH는 4.65∼4.67, 유기물 함량은 7.28∼7.53%의 범위였다. 현존식생도에 의한 분포비율은 경작지(67%), 소나무(21.9%) 및 곰솔군락(9.1%)의 순으로 나타났으며, 녹지자연도는 등급 2가 67%(경작지), 7등급(이차림(A))과 6등급(조림지)이 각각 29.2%와 1.8%로 나타났다. Montreal model에의한 소나무림과 곰솔림의 식물현존량은 657,817.2와 177,367.0ton으로 각각 산정되었다. The forest vegetation and estimation of phytomass and net primary production in the vicinity of Yonggwang Atomic Power Plant were analyzed on the basis of the phytosociological data. Depending on physiognomy, the actual vegetation map and the degree of green naturality(DGN) were also drawn in the scale of 1:50,000. According to Z-M method, the forest vegetation was classified into two communities; Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii communities. It was generally shown that Pinus densiflora and Pirus thunbergii in tree-1 layer, Quercus serrata and Pinus thunbergii in tree-2 layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum and Quercus serrata in shrub layer, and Carex ciliato-marginata and Carex lanceolata in herb layer had high coverage index. The pHs and contents of organic matter of the forest soils collected in each sites were in the 4.64 to 4.67 and 7.28% to 7.53% in average, respectively. The distribution area of each vegetationindex. The pHs and contents of organic matter of the forest soils collected in each sites were in the 4.64 to 4.67 and 7.28% to 7.53% in average, respectively. The distribution area of each vegetation type in the actual vegetation map was 67% cultivated land, 21.9% in Pinus densiflora community and 9.1% in pinus thunbergii community. The distribution of the degree of green naturality(DGN) was 67% in the second-grade (cultivated land), 29.2% in 7th grade (second forest(A)) and 1.8% in 6th grade (plantation). It was estimated that phytomass of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii in the study sites, which was calculated by Montreal model, was 657,817.2 and 177,367.0 ton, respectively.