광주시내 업종별 음식점의 위생상태 및 식중독원인 세균의 분포 특성

이홍열,유맹자,정해진,김근영,정희종 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1998 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.33 No.-

업종별 음식점 주방의 위생상태는 일식>중식>한식의 순이었고 개인위생의 경우는 일식>한식>중식의 순이었는데 주방 및 종업원의 위생상태를 향상시키기 위해서는 음식점 규모의 대형화, 45℃ 이상의 온수공급, 주방시설의 표준화, 위생비닐장갑의 착용, 및 유니폼 착용이 신속하게 이루어져야 할 것이다. 업종별 대중음식점의 주방기구중의 세균분포는 전반적으로 일반세균수가 높게 나타났고 특히 대장균군수가 높게 나타났는데 음식물이 아니고 조리기구이긴 하지만 우리 음식점의 위생상 문제가 많은 것으로 생각된다. 미국 육군 Natick연구소가 제시한 음식물의 미생물 기준한계인 1 ×10??마리 이하, 대장균수가 100마리 이하와 비교할때 일반세균수의 경우는 아주 만족할만한 위생상태로 평가되었으나 대장균수는 개숫물의 경우 업종과 관계없이 높게 나타났고 행주와 칼의 경우 일식음식점에서만 높게 나타났으며 도마의 경우는 모두 100마리 이하로 양호한 위생상태로 평가되었다. 한식 전문음식점간의 세균수가 큰 차이를 보인 것은 규모와 운영방법이 서로 다르기 때문으로 앞으로 한식음식점에 대한 시설 및 환경개선에 대한 노력이 요구되었다. 또한 일식음식점간에는 일반세균수의 분포가 크게 다는 것으로 조사되었는데 특히 개숫물, 행주 및 도마중에 존재하는 미생물수가 크게 차이가 있었다. 등급별 한식음식점의 세균분포는 호텔급 음식점> 일반대중급 음식점> 여관급 음식점의 순으로 나타나 업소규모가 클수록 위생시설 및 위생습관의 수준이 높아 위생상태가 양호한 것으로 분석되었고 여관급음식점의 경우 위생상태가 낮은 것은 이용빈도가 낮은 것이 그 원인이 아닌가 생각되었다. Sanitary evaluation of kitchen area in different types of restaurants was the best at Japanese style restaurants and the worst aat Korean style restaurants. In personal hygiene Japanese style restaurant were evaluated as the best, but Chinese style restaurants were evaluated as the worst. Total and coliform bacterial counts were mostly showed high levels at all types of restaurants and especially this tendency was predominated in coliform counts. As compared to the standards suggested by U.S. Army Natick, however, total bacterial counts in all of supplies were evaluated as the satisfactory state. On the other hand, coliform counts in dish-washing water were much higher than the standard, which were not affected by the types of restaurant, and Japanese style restaurants were higher in wiping cloths and knives, but cutting boards were evaluated as satisfactory state with the counts less than 1.0 ×10².Bacterial counts in Korean style restaurants were greatly different depended on the size or type of restaurant. Total bacterial counts in Japanese style were also different among restaurants, especially in dish-washing water, wiping cloths, and cutting boards. According to the results of the evaluation of Korean style restaurant, bacterial distribution based on the class of restaurants, classified as hotel, motel, and public classes, hotel class restaurants showed lower levels of bacterial counts than public class. This result suggested that the larger and higher classes of restaurants maintained the satisfactory state without potential hazards.

장기입원환자 관리 방해요인

이경석,윤석만,권희,이호,김혜경,조미자,한규남,김명성 순천향의학연구소 2003 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.9 No.1

Background: Recently the health insurance review agency tried to cut off the cost of unnecessary hospital stay. It is important to reduce the prolonged occupation of the hospital beds. However, there are some obstacles of the management for the prolonged bed occupation. We report our experiences and the problems of bed-control. Methods: To increase the rate of effective bed-usage, a task force was made. This team was consisted of 4 dctors, 2 nurses and 2 personnel of the administrative department. From December 20th 2001 to May 17th 2002, the task force analysed the rate, number and causes of the prolonged (more than 60 days, regardless of the disease entities) bed occupation. We announced and explained the necessity of bed-control and actively pressed to reduce the prolonged bed occupation. Results: The number of the prolonged bed occupation was 71 at the beginning of the management. It was reduced to 46 at best, then turned back to 65 at the end. It seems to be impossible to reduce the prolonged bed occupation until there are sufficient numbers of long-term care facilities. Aggressive bed control makes the sick patients to move every two or three months, it is never desirable. Conclusion: We cannot expect any Quality Improvements without improvement of the wrong system. Prior to the management for the prolonged bed occupation, it is necessary to build a sufficient number of long-term care facilities.

광주시내 업종별 음식점의 주방기구와 관련된 주요 세균 및 이들의 계절별 변화

이홍열,유맹자,정해진,김근영,정희종 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1998 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.33 No.-

업종별 음식점에서 사용중인 주방기구 가운데 개숫물중에 존재하는 세균들을 분리·동정한 결과, 한색음식점에서 37균주, 일식음식점에서 23균주, 및 중식음식점에서 33균주가 분리되었고 이들 중 한식음식점에서 E. coli 등 16균주, 일식음식점에서 Listeria sp. 등 20균주, 중식음식점에서 Micrococcus sp. 등 15균주를 각각 동정하였다. 이들 세균들은 업종별 음식업소에서 주로 사용되는 색품재료에 존재하는 세균들과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌고 E.coli와 같은 일부 세균들은 주방의 불결한 환경이나 종사자로부터 오염된 것으로 추정되었다. 업종별 음식점에서 사용중인 개숫물, 행주, 칼, 및 도마에 존재하는 세균의 분포는 일반세균수 및 대장균수가 모두 2월에서 8월까지 점점 증가하다가 11월에는 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 이같은 경향은 일반세균은 개숫물에서 대장균군은 칼에서 가장 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 따라서 식중독 발생 가능성이 가장 높은 여름철에는 칼, 도마 등 주방기구들은 정기적으로 열탕소독하는 철저한 위생처리가 필수적인 것으로 생각되었다. Thirty-seven, twenty-three, and thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from dish-washing water which was selected as a kitchen supply commonly loaded the highest level of bacteria among various supplies using at Korean style, Japanese style, and Chinese style restaurants. Among these isolates, sixteen strains including Esherichia coli, twenty strains including Listeria sp., and fifteen strains including Micrococcus sp. were identified from Korean style, Japanese style, and Chinese style restaurants, respectively. This result suggested that most isolated bacteria were closely related to bacterial flora of raw food materials used in each style of restaurants and others could be contaminated from the surrounding environment and the employees. Total and coliform bacterial counts distributed in dish washing water, wiping cloths, knives, and cutting boards used at different types of restaurants were gradually increased from February to August and then decreased until November. This changing tendencies of total bacterial counts and coliform group counts were obvious in dish-washing water and in knives, respectively. Therefore, kitchen supplies such as wiping cloths, cutting boards, and knives should be treated carefully with hot water of above 45℃ at every certain period of time to kill some of these potential hazardous bacteria and to prevent outbreaking foodborne-illness by them, especially during Summer.

북미 양서류의 치사종간 핵치환 개체의 염색체 이상과 발생 능력에 관한 연구

이자경,정해문 A.R. Liss 1990 ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS AND CARCINOGENS Vol.10 No.1

반정량 식품섭취빈도조사지를 이용한 한국노인의 영양섭취 실태조사

이해정,박선주,김정희,김초일,장경자,임경숙,김경원,최혜미 대한지역사회영양학회 2003 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.8 No.3

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes of the elderly subjects in Korea. Dietary assessment was carried out using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) developed by our laboratory, which included 98 commonly consumed food items selected from 1998 National Health and Nutritional Survey for Korean population. Subjects (n = 2,660) aged 50yr and over were recruited in Seoul, 6 metropolitan cities, and 8 mid-size cities. Calcium and riboflavin intakes of the elderly subjects aged 65 yr and over (n = 1,974) were much lower compared with Korean RDA. Nutrient intakes of the three age group (50 - 64 yr, 65 - 74 yr, 75 yr and over) were decreased as age increased in male and female elderly. Nutrient intakes of male elderly, 75 yr and over, were significantly decreased while in female elderly nutrient intakes were gradually decreased as age increased. Over 30% of the elderly subjects did not meet 75% RDA for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin. The proportion of the elderly subjects whose intakes were below 75% RDA was much higher than the elderly whose intakes were above 125% RDA, especially among the elderly aged 75 yr and over. This study revealed that the Korean elderly had inadequate intakes for many nutrients. This will cause a serious nutritional problem for the elderly.

한국의 지역문화정책과 그 발전과정에 관한 연구

박혜자,이기혁 朝鮮大學校 社會科學硏究所 1999 社會科學硏究 Vol.20 No.2

서양복식에 나타난 복색규제에 관한 고찰

은영자,이해연 啓明大學校 生活科學硏究所 2005 科學論集 Vol.31 No.-

The costumes have been changed and developed with the development of the mankind. Also the color of the costume reflect the culture of the times and change. Furthermore the color of the costume has been used as symbol of social status. This study analysed the restrictions of color in the sumptuary of the western costume. The relations between the symbolic meaning of color and the sumptuary of the costume color were analysed through a literature survey. On the western costume sumptuary law, the major restriction colors were red, purple and violet. These were used only for governing class who have the Power and authority. Especially purple was used only for royal family. The symbolic meanings of color are given to costumes of specific social status. The color of the costume was related to the symbolic meanings of a specific color in the times and societies.

간호실무에서 신봉이론(Espoused theories)에 대한 탐색적 연구

서문자,김혜숙,이은희,박영숙,조경숙,강현숙,임난영,김주현,이소우,조복희,이명하,지성애,하양숙,손영희,권성복,김희진,추진아 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.1

As a nursing practice involves nurses' actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives, Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal) ; excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, account- ability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics) ; human respect. partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences. positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention. rewarding peer relationship(3 theories of situations) The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore. it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to and any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions

유치원 아동의 스트레스 요인과 대처행동에 대한 연구

황혜자,이강호 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 1999 學生硏究 Vol.27 No.-

The study was designed to examine what type of daily stress factors kindergarten children have and what kind of coping behaviors they apply. A total of two hundred and fifty children was employed for the data to be surveyed and analyzed. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, kindergarten children were experiencing the following daily stress factors : Difficulty with the family and parents was the most severely stressful factors, and difficulty with the peers, difficulty with the self-esteem, and difficulty with the academic work were shown in decending order, in terems of the severity of the stress. Second, the most severely stressful the kindergartner experiencing were the parents´ favoritism toward a particular sibling the family and difficulty with getting along with their peers. Third, in terms of stress factors, the coping behaviors the kindergartner used tended to be emotional and defensive. Especially with relatevely severely stressful factors, they tended to be more defensive. However, with relatively lower level of stressful factors, the children, applied problem-centered copying behaviors. Fourth, in the evaluation of the stress factor and copying behaviors, higher levels of reliability and validity were shown. One of the speculations about the reasons might be study included the person to person interview method in the process of data collection.

길 ·소매원형제도에 관한 CAI프로그램을 활용한 가정과 수업의 효과분석

김해정,이혜자 한국 가정과 교육 학회 1993 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.5 No.-

The aims of this study are to develop CAI programs for bodice and sleeve pattern drafting for the 3rd grade students in a middle school and to compare the students' achievement degree in using traditional teaching method with that in using CAI programs. On the basis of results above the direction and possibility of using computers in education home economics is another aim. For this study, after the programs are developed, which is on the model of middle school text book, one hundred girl students of 2nd grade of middle school in Songpa Gu, Seoul, who have two groups: one is called comparsion group, which is taught by traditional method, the other, experimental group, which is taught by CAI programs. To evalute the learning achivement degree, evaluation test, effectiveness of learning and interest degree test and time test are given. Questionaire investigation about CAI program is given to experimental group. The results of this study are as follows; 1. CAI programs on pattern drafting are developed and can be used in the class. 2. In the tests of achievement degree, of effectiveness, and of interest the experimental group gets higher scores than the comparison group. 3. In the time test about how many students can draft the pattern in a given time, in every step more students in experimental group finished drafting than the comparison group. 4. The students showed interest in CAI programs and played an active part in the using computers. Therefore, using CAI programs in the class of pattern drafting saved the teachers lots of difficulties and enables individual learning improving the effectiveness of learning. I hope the studies of CAI will be established in other fields as well as Home Economics, especially clothing part, and computers will used lively.