Transmission of Shared Tendencies in Contemporary Japanese Architecture

KIM LAWRENCE BYOUNG 대한건축학회지회연합회 2019 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.21 No.3

Department of Architecture, Pusan National University (Corresponding author, Email: lawrence.b.kim@gmail.com) This work was supported by a 2-year Research Grant of Pusan National University. Over the past two decades after the collapse of the bubble economy, Japanese architecture emerged onto the international stage as one of the most influential in contemporary architecture. However, its emergence to a position of such acclaim is intriguing in that unlike the past generations of architects in the modern era, the leading Japanese architects practicing today do not share a strong paradigm nor operate as a cohesive group. Nonetheless, there exists lineage of relationships and cross-pollination of ideas which have developed into shared architectural tendencies. The similar architectural sensibility is particularly evident in the younger generation of architects who have established their practice in the years following the collapse of the bubble economy. These generations of practitioners show tendencies to strive for diagrammatic quality, flimsy and light minimalism, and two-dimensional spatiality in their work. Distinctive qualities which are increasingly being identified with the leading architects practicing in Japan currently. The critical examination of the selected works produced by the architects reveals certain paradoxical ideas appears to be at work. First, utilizing what is a fundamentally explanatory device, diagram, as a performative device and the end goal. Second, striving for minimalistic aesthetics of utmost simplicity which require complex and extraordinary levels of work. Third, striving for two-dimensional spatiality in what is a three-dimensional discipline in its core. While such seemingly arbitrary and stylistic inclinations have attracted some criticism, such inclinations appear to have been shaped by the cultural sensibility, societal change, and needs of an era.

Nuclear Strategy and Asia

( Lawrence Freedman ) 한국국방연구원 1993 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.5 No.1

Nuclear strategy has always been developed more with Europe in mind than Asia. This article explores the implications of this, both with regard to the development of nuclear strategy up to the end of the Cold War and the situation since its conclusion. Even within Europe the theoretical basis for deterrence never appeared so sound as its practical workings. There were no good answers to the question of what should be done "if deterrence fails," but the risk to the Soviet Union of exploring the possibility that the whole strategy was a bluff was too great. The end of the Cold War has encouraged the United States to adopt a minimalist stance on nuclear doctrine. This is reflected in both plans for revising the American force structure and targeting plans. It was always difficult to sustain a commitment to extended deterrence, which implied the readiness to risk nuclear devastation on behalf of a third party, by means of a nuclear posture. Deterrence threats always seemed most credible when issued in the name of the state rather than alliance. However, deployments of the weapons in the territory of the third party could be taken as symbolizing the commitment. If, in the name of a minimalist doctrine, the weapons are withdrawn then this could have a long-term impact on extended deterrence. The demands on extended deterrence largely eased because of the lack of a political dynamic in Europe that threatened the status quo. Now that the situation has become much more fluid, the old Soviet threat may have evaporated, but nuclear states remain and conflicts could arise in circumstances which are for the moment difficult to envisage. Should threats revive then it might prove difficult to revive the old strategy. Western nuclear strategy now has been reduced to essentially little more than a reminder of the utter folly of total war and a capability to resist any attempt by others to exploit nuclear strength. The developed state of nuclear proliferation in Asia provides one reason why the United States might be further encouraged to reduce its nuclear obligations in the region. During the 1990s the American nuclear presence in Asia has been reduced dramatically, with the weapons no longer carried at sea nor based in South Korea. This is justified, as in Europe, by the decline of Soviet power, and by the need for cooperative arms control with Moscow, as well as by confidence in the conventional balance in Korea. However Asia has yet to see the definite end to the Cold War. Russia and Japan are still at odds over the Northern Islands. China and North Korea sustain communist regimes, and the former has a mature nuclear capability while the latter is attempting to develop one. In addition Asia is a continent that has seen more than its share of proliferation. Proliferation in part tends to reflect a loss of confidence in alliance as a source of security guarantees. Once it has taken place there are further disincentives for outside powers to offer guarantees. Already the nuclear dimension is one reason why it is difficult to imagine direct US intervention in an Indo-Pakistan War, and has proved to be a complicating factor in strategic relations in the Middle East. In East Asia, American strategy has not been geared to the specific deterrence of Chinese power since the 197Os, yet Chinese power may start to become the most serious source of uncertainty within the region. The United State`s alliance structures in East Asia are bilateral rather than multilateral, and liable to be complicated by arguments over trade. It is unrealistic to expect the American secu- rity role in the region to sustain a conspicuous nuclear element. The most productive response to the continuing reduction in the Ameri- can security role would be to encourage the development of stronger multilateral structures in the region.

Internet Flow State Technology and Applications

Lawrence G. Roberts 한국통신학회 2004 한국통신학회 워크샵 Vol.2004 No.10

Political and Social Constraints on Economic Restructuring in Latin America

Lawrence S. Graham 한국라틴아메리카학회 2001 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.14 No.1

Challenges of the Digital Home in a Developing Economy

Lawrence Oborkhale,Apkar Salatian 보안공학연구지원센터 2011 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.5 No.1

CONSPICUOUS GREEN PURCHASE INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CONSUMER ETHICS AND CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION

Lawrence W.T. Lo 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Consumer ethics (CE) is defined by Muncy and Vitell (1992) as the moral standards to guide consumers’ behaviors in obtaining and disposing of goods and services. Regarding ethical issues, consumers have concerns on human, animal or environmental welfare (Gregory-Smith, Smith, & Winklhofer, 2013). As Liu, Yang, and Zeng (2015) describe, unethical consumer behavior (UCB) may cause underlying damage to society, reflecting the dysfunctional, dark or sinister side of consumer behavior. In consumer ethics literature, early studies focus on discussing the dark side of consumer behavior or unethical consumer behavior (UCB), such as returning goods you damaged, taping a movie off the television, shoplifting, etc. (Vitell & Muncy, 2003), counterfeit consumption (Tang, Tian, & Zaichkowsky, 2014; Wilcox, Kim, & Sen, 2009). In last few decades, more attention has been given to the study of the bright side, for instance, green purchase (e.g., Lee, 2008 & 2009; Chan, 2008); sustainable consumption (Lee, 2014), or fair trade (Chatzidakis, Kastanakis, & Stathopoulou, 2016). Within the studies on the bright side of consumer ethics, some of them investigate consumers’ attitude towards green purchase and its relationship with green purchase intention and behavior (e.g., Chai & Chen, 2009; Chen & Chai, 2010; Cherian & Jacob, 2012; Han, Hsu, & Lee, 2009; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006). Among these studies, the semantic-differential scale of attitudes towards green purchase (AGP) developed by Taylor and Todd (1995) is more commonly adopted (e.g., Chai & Chen, 2009; Chan, 2001, Chen & Chai, 2010; Mostafa, 2006 & 2007). This AGP scale contains three items, namely i) I dislike/like the idea of purchasing green products, ii) Purchasing green products is a bad/good idea, and iii) I have a/an unfavourable/favourable attitude towards purchasing a green version of a product. Some other studies on the bright side of consumer ethics investigate consumers’ intention to purchase different green products, such as organic skin/hair care product (Kim & Chung, 2011), organic food (Paul & Rana, 2012), the relationship between environmental concern and green products purchase (Kangun, Carlson, & Grove, 1991), ecologically packaged products purchase (Schwepker & Cornwell, 1991) or organic vegetables (Sparks & Shepherd, 1992). There are several green purchase intention (GPI) scales asking if respondents will buy product of green version, less polluting for ecology or environmental concern (Chan 2001; Chen & Chang, 2012; Taylor & Todd, 1995). Vitell and Muncy (2005) develop a consumer ethics scale with four categories of (un)ethical consumer behaviors, they are i) ethical consumer behaviors (i.e., recycling and doing good), ii) unethical consumer behaviors (i.e., actively benefiting from illegal activities [e.g., returning damaged goods when the damage was your own fault]; passively benefiting at the expense of others [e.g., lying about a child’s age to get a lower price], iii) questionable but generally legal practices [e.g., using a coupon for merchandise you did not buy], and iv) no harm/no foul activities [e.g., returning merchandise after buying it and not liking it]. In this scale, the ‘recycling’ and ‘doing good’ categories are similar to the Taylor and Todd’s (1995) AGP scale. It is quite surprising that there seems no research putting them together in studying green purchase intention. This conceptual paper attempts to fill this research gap. Conspicuous consumption, another type of consumption, also reveals some aspects of consumer ethics. It has been clearly defined that conspicuous consumption involves extravagant consumption (Veblen, 1899/1915), purchase of luxury goods (e.g., O’Cass & Frost, 2002; Shukla, 2008) or scarce products (Gierl & Huettl, 2010) to display wealth or to demonstrate personal taste (e.g., Blumer, 1969; Bourdieu, 1979/1984; Trigg, 2001). Extant literature illustrates that some terms are associated with conspicuous consumption behavior, such as ‘materialism’ (e.g., Podoshen, Li, & Zhang, 2011), ‘unnecessary expenses’ (e.g., Veblen (1899/1915), ‘conspicuous waste’ and ‘overconsumption’ (e.g., Carr, Gotlieb, Lee, and Shah, 2012; Chaudhuri, Mazumdar, & Ghoshal, 2011), ‘luxury consumption’ (Kwek & Lee, 2013), and ‘conspicuous taste’ (Bourdieu, 1979/1984). A relatively more complete scale of conspicuous consumption orientation developed by Chaudhuri et al. (2011) contains 12 items, which explicitly covers all items related to wealth, status and taste. With a closer look on the definition and the terms to describe conspicuous consumption, it is not hard to find out explicit remarks or implicit comments that various kinds of conspicuous consumption can be unethical, creating negative impacts in economical, socio-culturally and environmental contexts. First, conspicuous consumption can be a waste of economic resources. For instance, in conspicuous consumption feasting in Chinese communities, ordering more foods than enough would create wastes. Besides, conspicuous consumption is associated with impulse/impulsive buying (Zhang & Shrum, 2009). In modern economies with higher materialism, conspicuous consumption is highly related to expenditures of visible goods like high fashion clothing (O’Cass, 2001), jewelry, cars (Bloch, 1981; Charles, Hurst, & Roussanov, 2009), housing or mobile phones (Spero & Stone, 2004). Impulsive conspicuous consumption of new fashion in every season is another type of consumption creating more wastes. Second, conspicuous consumption can be harming to environment. For example, to demonstrate wealth or status, some people eat endangered species or killing wild animals, e.g., shark fin (Eriksson & Clarke, 2015), monkey or turtle. conspicuous consumption of clothing, ornaments or decorative items made of endangered species (e.g., ivory from elephant, skin from fox are also harming the nature. Given the ethical feature of conspicuous consumption is obvious, it is surprising that ethical issues of conspicuous consumption have yet been discussed prominently. Moreover, seldom of the studies in conspicuous consumption or CE discuss the bright side of conspicuous consumption. In fact, some types of consumption can be ethical and conspicuous. For instance, Griskevicius, Tybur, and Van den Bergh (2010), when they study conspicuous conservation, they prove that status competition can help promote pro-environmental behavior. Alike, Sexton and Sexton (2014) reveal the green buying of energy saving vehicles. There are in fact more examples of ethical and conspicuous consumption, like consumption of eco-friendly clothing, accessories or dining, etc. In this regard, if there are more conspicuous and green consumptions, e.g., eco-friendly vehicles, decoration material, clothing or cuisines, conspicuous consumption can facilitate the development of a greener and harmonious societies on the contrary. Nowadays, amid the proliferation of environmental protection ideology, more consumers are willing to have green purchase. If the purchases are also ‘socially visible’, we may call them as ‘conspicuous green purchase’. Following this logic, if consumers have a higher tendency in consumer ethics and conspicuous consumption, they may have a higher green purchase intention (GPI). This proposition may be particularly valid for branded fashion, visible consumer electronics, or vehicles. In conspicuous GPI, consumers can show off their wealth, fashion taste and conservation virtue through displaying green products or green purchase publicly. Recently, a sustainable consumption report published by the Consumer Council in Hong Kong (Consumer Council, 2016) reveals that Hong Kong people has a high level of awareness and purchase intention of sustainable products, but they have a low level in action taking. In this regard, perhaps, the conspicuousness in the consumption of green products can be an additional motivation to enhance consumers' purchase intention. Surprisingly, there seems no research to explore to find out the mediating effect of conspicuous consumption on the relationship between AGP and GPI. This conceptual paper tries to fill this research gap. To sum, this conceptual paper aims to explore the relationship between these four constructs, attitudes towards green purchase (AGP), consumer ethics (CE), conspicuous consumption (CC) and conspicuous green purchase intention (CGPI). More specifically, this paper tries to examine the mediating effects of CE or CC on the relationship between AGP and CGPI. Considering the discussion above, the following propositions are generated. P1: A person with positive AGP tends to have a higher CGPI than a person with negative AGP. P2: A person with a higher CE orientation (recycling and doing good) and positive AGP tends to have a higher CGPI than a person with a lower CE orientation. P3: A person with a higher CC orientation and positive AGP tends to have a higher CGPI than a person with a lower CE orientation. This conceptual paper has both theoretical and practical implications. It helps integrate four constructs, namely attitudes towards green purchase, consumer ethics, conspicuous consumption and green purchase intention in one study, building better theories in these areas. This paper also helps marketers of green products to pay more attention to the market segment that consumers are both ethical and conspicuous consumption oriented, hence conveying more appropriate promotion messages and selecting right channels of distribution. Finally, more green purchase would help us to make better societies with higher moral standard in consumption.

Status of I-INCE TSG #6, Community Noise: Environmental Noise Impact Assessment and Mitigation

Lawrence S. Finegold 한국소음진동공학회 2003 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.8

Overview of ICBEN 2003 Congress - Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Lawrence S. Finegold,Soames Job,Ronald de Jong,Barbara Griefahn 한국소음진동공학회 2003 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.8

A Current Assessment of Some Extraterritorial Impacts of The Dodd- Frank Act with Special Focus on The Volcker Rule and Derivatives Regulation

Lawrence G. Baxter 은행법학회 2012 은행법연구 Vol.5 No.2

As the world struggles to emerge from the Global Financial Crisis the vision of a harmonious framework of global financial regulation seems as distant as ever. Important progress made by international committees such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the Financial Stability Board notwithstanding, there seem to be increasing signs of unilateral, extraterritorial action by major jurisdictions, including the United States. This paper reviews the framework created by the US financial reforms, in particular anti money laundering provisions, the Volcker Rule and the proposed OTC derivatives margin requirements, and considers some of the dilemmas presented by modern global banking and its concomitant regulation. The conclusion is that we are likely to see more regional reforms that are not necessarily uniform, and that this might not be a bad result, given the complexity of the financial markets and the need to respond flexibly to evolving circumstances.

Adsorption Potential of Fine Fractions of Sandy Clay Loam Soil (natural Aluminosilicate) for Ammonium Ion from Aqueous Solution

Lawrence Nanganoa,Ketcha Joseph,Tchakoute Herve 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6