Die Weimarer Goethe - Ausgabe

Kraft, Herbert 한국괴테학회 1997 괴테연구 Vol.9 No.1

Wie und zu welchem Zweck lehrt man Literaturgeschichte?

Kraft, Herbert 숙명여자대학교 독일어권연구센터 1997 독일문화 Vol.4 No.-

Warum sollen wir überhaupt lehren-und lernen? Ein Teil der Antwort steht in einem Gedicht von Bertolt Brecht: Die Antwort Mein junger Sohn fragt mich: Soll ich Mathematik lernen? Wozu, möchte ich sagen. Daβ zwei Stück Brot mehr ist alles eines Das wirst du auch so merken.

독일에서의 환경영향의 정량적 평가

Kraft, Burkhard Schweppe 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

Evaluation methods are employed in environmental impact assessment to choose between different project site, to determine the required measures to compensate impact and to decide whether the environmental impacts are more important than the social or economic effects of a project. The main obstacles that restrict use of quantitative evaluation method are a lack of knowledge about the environmental effects (e.g. if impacts on wildlife or landscape amenities are predicted) and the relative importance of economic and social issues compared with nature conservation stability of ecosystem orlandscape beauty. In Germany, the most common method for site planning is the "ecological risk analysis". It is a kind of multi-criteria-decision-method based on quantitative and qualitative description and ordinal ranking. The various kinds of "ecological balancing methods" that are more recently developed (within the last decade) to quantify the required amount for compensatory measures instead often use cardinal figures to express the value of ecosystems, the intensity of impacts, the need for additional measures to compensate for long recuperative periods when restoring ecosystems and so on. There are still only a view attempts to quantify decisions between environmental and socio-economic issues. Multicriteria-analysis as well as cost-benifit-analysis was used. Some new approaches which are still in a preliminary status are based on contingent valuation and on calculations for compensatory payments (instead of compensatory measures).

도서관운영(圖書館運營)에 관한 연구(硏究)모델 - 자료구입(資料購入) 대(對) 복사물구입(複寫物購入) -

Kraft, Donald H. 한국과학기술정보연구원 과학기술정보센터 1976 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.9 No.2

Quantification of Ecological Impact as a Basis for Evaluation

Schweppe-Kraft, Burkhard 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

Evaluation methods are employed in environmental impact assessment to choose between different project site, to determine the required measures to compensate impact and to decide whether the environmental impacts are more important than the social or economic effects of a project. The main obstacles that restrict use of quantitative evaluation method are a Lack of knowledge about the environmental effects (e.g. if impacts on wildlife or landscape amenities are predicted) and the relative importance of economic and social issues compared with nature conservation stability of ecosystem or landscape beauty. In Germany, the most common method for site planning is the "ecological risk analysis". It is a kind of multi-criteria-decision-method based on quantitative and qualitative description and ordinal ranking. The various kinds of "ecological balancing methods" that are more recently developed (within the last decade) to quantify the required amount for compensatory measures instead often use cardinal figures to express the value of ecosystems, the intensity of impacts, the need for additional measures to compensate for long recuperative periods when restoring ecosystems and so on. There are still only a view attempts to quantify decisions between environmental and socio-economic issues. Multicriteria-analysis as well as cost-benifit-analysis was used. Some new approaches which are still in a preliminary status are based on contingent valuation and on calculations for compensatory payments (instead of compensatory measures).

도메인 랜덤화를 활용한 산업용 객체 이미지 생성

정동준,Dirk Kraft,Carolin Nowak 한국지능정보시스템학회 2021 한국지능정보시스템학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.12

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LINEAGES OF THE CERAMIACEAE (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON NUCLEAR SMALL SUBUNIT rDNA SEQUENCE DATA¹

Choi, Han-Gu,Kraft, Gerald T.,Kim, Hyung-Seop,Guiry, Michael D.,Saunders, Gary W. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 Journal of phycology Vol.44 No.4

<P>Phylogenetic relationships among 69 species of the Ceramiales (51 Ceramiaceae, six Dasyaceae, seven Delesseriaceae, and five Rhodomelaceae) were determined based on nuclear SSU rDNA sequence data. We resolved five strongly supported but divergent lineages among the included Ceramiaceae: (i) the genus <I>Inkyuleea</I>, which weakly joins other orders of the Rhodymeniophycidae rather than the Ceramiales in our analyses; (ii) the tribe Spyridieae, which is sister to the remainder of the included ceramialean taxa; (iii) the subfamily Ceramioideae, weakly including the tribe Warrenieae; (iv) the subfamily Callithamnioideae; and (v) the subfamily Compsothamnioideae, which emerges as sister to the Dasyaceae/Delesseriaceae/Rhodomelaceae complex, thus rendering the Ceramiaceae sensu lato unequivocally paraphyletic, as has been argued separately on anatomical grounds by Kylin and Hommersand. Our data support a restricted concept of the Ceramiaceae that includes only one of the five lineages (Ceramioideae) that we have resolved. In addition to failing to ally with the Ceramiales in our molecular analyses, species of <I>Inkyuleea</I> differ substantially from other Ceramiaceae sensu lato in details of pre- and postfertilization development. The genus <I>Inkyuleea</I> is here assigned to the Inkyuleeaceae fam. nov., which we provisionally retain in the Ceramiales. Species of <I>Spyridia</I> also differ from the remaining Ceramiaceae in their postfertilization development, and, in light of our molecular data, the genus <I>Spyridia</I> is assigned to the Spyridiaceae. The Callithamnioideae is strongly monophyletic (100% in all analyses), which, in combination with key anatomical differences, supports elevation to family status for this lineage as the Callithamniaceae. Similarly, the Compsothamnioideae is solidly monophyletic in our molecular trees and has a unique suite of defining anatomical characters that supports family status for a complex that we consider to include the tribes Compsothamnieae, Dasyphileae, Griffithsieae, Monosporeae, Ptiloteae, Spermothamnieae, Sphondylothamnieae, Spongoclonieae, and Wrangelieae, for which the reinstated family name Wrangeliaceae is available.</P>

Nocturnal Asthma

Martin, Richar J.,Kraft, Monica Medical Publications Korea 1997 Medical Progress Vol.19 No.4

EEG-based usability assessment of 3D shutter glasses

Wenzel, Markus A,Schultze-Kraft, Rafael,Meinecke, Frank C,Fabien Cardinaux,Kemp, Thomas,Klaus-Robert Mü,ller,Gabriel Curio,Benjamin Blankertz IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.1

<P> <I>Objective.</I> Neurotechnology can contribute to the usability assessment of products by providing objective measures of neural workload and can uncover usability impediments that are not consciously perceived by test persons. In this study, the neural processing effort imposed on the viewer of 3D television by shutter glasses was quantified as a function of shutter frequency. In particular, we sought to determine the critical shutter frequency at which the ‘neural flicker’ vanishes, such that visual fatigue due to this additional neural effort can be prevented by increasing the frequency of the system. <I>Approach.</I> Twenty-three participants viewed an image through 3D shutter glasses, while multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In total ten shutter frequencies were employed, selected individually for each participant to cover the range below, at and above the threshold of flicker perception. The source of the neural flicker correlate was extracted using independent component analysis and the flicker impact on the visual cortex was quantified by decoding the state of the shutter from the EEG. <I>Main Result.</I> Effects of the shutter glasses were traced in the EEG up to around 67?Hz—about 20?Hz over the flicker perception threshold—and vanished at the subsequent frequency level of 77?Hz. <I>Significance.</I> The impact of the shutter glasses on the visual cortex can be detected by neurotechnology even when a flicker is not reported by the participants. <I>Potential impact.</I> Increasing the shutter frequency from the usual 50?Hz or 60?Hz to 77?Hz reduces the risk of visual fatigue and thus improves shutter-glass-based 3D usability.</P>

Special Olympics coaches

Sarah Cybulski,Diane M. Culver,Erin Kraft,Tanya Formeris 한국코칭능력개발원 2016 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.10 No.2

Research has shown that sports are important for people with intellectual disabilities (ID; Mactavish & Dowds, 2003), assisting this population to develop and feel socially included (McConkey, Dowling, Hassan, & Menke, 2013). Coaches can play a role in helping their athletes to develop life skills and Special Olympics (SO) is an organisation with the goals and means to bring positive change to the lives of people with ID (Weiss et al., 2003). Merriam’s (2002) basic interpretive qualitative approach was used to explore the strategies employed by Special Olympics (SO) coaches to promote life skill development. Non-participant observations and two semi-structured interviews were conducted with six coaches. Results revealed seven deductive themes framed by Camiré, Trudel, and Forneris’s (2012) study with high school coaches: (a) having a philosophy aimed at helping athletes develop, (b) building strong coach-athlete relationships, (c) understanding athletes’ pre-existing makeup, (d) providing athletes with opportunities to show their skills, (e) modelling, (f) taking teachable moments, and (g) volunteerism. While the coaches’ adapted these strategies to their SO athletes, perhaps more interesting is the one inductive theme found: being stern and direct.