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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Kraft, R. P. (검색결과 27 건)
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Wie und zu welchem Zweck lehrt man Literaturgeschichte?
Kraft, Herbert 숙명여자대학교 독일어권연구센터 1997 독일문화 Vol.4 No.-
Warum sollen wir überhaupt lehren-und lernen? Ein Teil der Antwort steht in einem Gedicht von Bertolt Brecht: Die Antwort Mein junger Sohn fragt mich: Soll ich Mathematik lernen? Wozu, möchte ich sagen. Daβ zwei Stück Brot mehr ist alles eines Das wirst du auch so merken.
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Quantification of Ecological Impact as a Basis for Evaluation
Schweppe-Kraft, Burkhard Korean Society of Environmental Impact Assessment 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2
Evaluation methods are employed in environmental impact assessment to choose between different project site, to determine the required measures to compensate impact and to decide whether the environmental impacts are more important than the social or economic effects of a project. The main obstacles that restrict use of quantitative evaluation method are a Lack of knowledge about the environmental effects (e.g. if impacts on wildlife or landscape amenities are predicted) and the relative importance of economic and social issues compared with nature conservation stability of ecosystem or landscape beauty. In Germany, the most common method for site planning is the "ecological risk analysis". It is a kind of multi-criteria-decision-method based on quantitative and qualitative description and ordinal ranking. The various kinds of "ecological balancing methods" that are more recently developed (within the last decade) to quantify the required amount for compensatory measures instead often use cardinal figures to express the value of ecosystems, the intensity of impacts, the need for additional measures to compensate for long recuperative periods when restoring ecosystems and so on. There are still only a view attempts to quantify decisions between environmental and socio-economic issues. Multicriteria-analysis as well as cost-benifit-analysis was used. Some new approaches which are still in a preliminary status are based on contingent valuation and on calculations for compensatory payments (instead of compensatory measures).
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Burkhard Schweppe Kraft 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2
Evaluation methods are employed in environmental impact assessment to choose between different project site, to determine the required measures to compensate impact and to decide whether the environmental impacts are more important than the social or economic effects of a project. The main obstacles that restrict use of quantitative evaluation method are a lack of knowledge about the environmental effects (e.g. if impacts on wildlife or landscape amenities are predicted) and the relative importance of economic and social issues compared with nature conservation stability of ecosystem orlandscape beauty. In Germany, the most common method for site planning is the ecological risk analysis. It is a kind of multi-criteria-decision-method based on quantitative and qualitative description and ordinal ranking. The various kinds of ecological balancing methods that are more recently developed (within the last decade) to quantify the required amount for compensatory measures instead often use cardinal figures to express the value of ecosystems, the intensity of impacts, the need for additional measures to compensate for long recuperative periods when restoring ecosystems and so on. There are still only a view attempts to quantify decisions between environmental and socio-economic issues. Multicriteria-analysis as well as cost-benifit-analysis was used. Some new approaches which are still in a preliminary status are based on contingent valuation and on calculations for compensatory payments (instead of compensatory measures).
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EEG-based usability assessment of 3D shutter glasses
Wenzel, Markus A,Schultze-Kraft, Rafael,Meinecke, Frank C,Fabien Cardinaux,Kemp, Thomas,Klaus-Robert Mü,ller,Gabriel Curio,Benjamin Blankertz IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.1
<P> <I>Objective.</I> Neurotechnology can contribute to the usability assessment of products by providing objective measures of neural workload and can uncover usability impediments that are not consciously perceived by test persons. In this study, the neural processing effort imposed on the viewer of 3D television by shutter glasses was quantified as a function of shutter frequency. In particular, we sought to determine the critical shutter frequency at which the ‘neural flicker’ vanishes, such that visual fatigue due to this additional neural effort can be prevented by increasing the frequency of the system. <I>Approach.</I> Twenty-three participants viewed an image through 3D shutter glasses, while multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In total ten shutter frequencies were employed, selected individually for each participant to cover the range below, at and above the threshold of flicker perception. The source of the neural flicker correlate was extracted using independent component analysis and the flicker impact on the visual cortex was quantified by decoding the state of the shutter from the EEG. <I>Main Result.</I> Effects of the shutter glasses were traced in the EEG up to around 67?Hz—about 20?Hz over the flicker perception threshold—and vanished at the subsequent frequency level of 77?Hz. <I>Significance.</I> The impact of the shutter glasses on the visual cortex can be detected by neurotechnology even when a flicker is not reported by the participants. <I>Potential impact.</I> Increasing the shutter frequency from the usual 50?Hz or 60?Hz to 77?Hz reduces the risk of visual fatigue and thus improves shutter-glass-based 3D usability.</P>
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