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Optimal Placement and Control of BESS for a Distribution System Integrated with PV systems
Kihara, Hiroyuki,Yokoyama, Akihiko,Liyanage, Kithsiri M.,Sakuma, Hisato The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2011 The Journal of International Council on Electrical Vol.1 No.3
Recently, photovoltaic generation (PV) has attracted a great attention as one of green power generations. Accordingly a large amount of PV systems will be installed in residential areas in the coming years. In such scenario, reverse power flow caused by PV in feeders may cause some problems such as voltage rise over upper limits in the distribution line, and the reverse power flow into the distribution substation. Battery energy storage system (BESS) is a promising option to solve the above both problems at the same time. However, the effect of BESS depends on location of BESS. Therefore, it is necessary to consider an appropriate location in the residential distribution system to install BESS to obtain an optimal effect. This paper investigates an optimal placement pattern of BESS in the residential distribution system with certain patterns of PV installation. It has been made clear that the obtained results can determine the best placement pattern of BESS with the minimum required BESS capacity and power loss.
Invited Review : Metabolism of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Genes and Pathophysiology
( Akio Kihara ),( Takayuki Sassa ) 한국응용약물학회 2014 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.22 No.2
Fatty acids (FAs) are highly diverse in terms of carbon (C) chain-length and number of double bonds. FAs with C>20 are calledvery long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs are found not only as constituents of cellular lipids such as sphingolipids and glycerophospholipidsbut also as precursors of lipid mediators. Our understanding on the function of VLCFAs is growing in parallelwith the identification of enzymes involved in VLCFA synthesis or degradation. A variety of inherited diseases, such as ichthyosis,macular degeneration, myopathy, mental retardation, and demyelination, are caused by mutations in the genes encoding VLCFAmetabolizing enzymes. In this review, we describe mammalian VLCFAs by highlighting their tissue distribution and metabolicpathways, and we discuss responsible genes and enzymes with reference to their roles in pathophysiology.
Formation of skin permeability barrier by diverse ceramides
( Akio Kihara ) 한국피부장벽학회 2023 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.25 No.2
The permeability barrier in the stratum corneum of the skin (skin barrier) prevents the entry of foreign substances such as pathogens, allergens, and toxic compounds and water loss. Ceramides, lipids abundant in the stratum corneum, are essential for the formation of the skin barrier. Free ceramides (non-protein-bound ceramides) are components of the multilayered lipid structures (lipid lamellae) that exist between corneocytes. They are classified into non-acylated ceramides (conventional ceramides) and acylceramides. Acylceramides play an important role in the formation and maintenance of lipid lamellae. Protein-bound ceramides, which covalently bind to Cys residues of corneocyte surface proteins), are components of the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). We recently revealed that human stratum corneum contain 23 classes and 1,581 species of ceramides (18 classes/1,327 species of free ceramides and 5 classes/254 species of protein-bound ceramides) by LC-MS/MS analysis). Patients with atopic dermatitis have reduced amounts of ceramides and altered ceramide class composition. Mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of acylceramides and protein-bound ceramides cause congenital ichthyosis in humans and neonatal lethality due to skin barrier abnormalities in mice. We have identified many genes involved in acylceramide production (ELOVL1, CYP4F22, PNPLA1, ABHD5 and FATP4) and elucidated the details of the acylceramide synthesis pathway). In this presentation, I will describe the following four topics: 1. the diversity of ceramides in human stratum corneum, 2. ceramide analysis by LC-MS/MS, 3. skin disorders (atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis) caused by changes in ceramide composition, 4. the molecular mechanism of acylceramide production and its importance in skin barrier formation.