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Architectural Modifications for Flexible Supercapacitor Performance Optimization
Jari Keskinen,Suvi Lehtimäki,Arman Dastpak,Sampo Tuukkanen,Timo Flyktman,Thomas Kraft,Anna Railanmaa,Donald Lupo 대한금속·재료학회 2016 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.12 No.6
We have developed material and architectural alternatives for flexiblesupercapacitors and investigated their effect on practical performance. The substrate alternatives include paperboard as well as variouspolyethylene terephthalate (PET) films and laminates, with aqueousNaCl electrolyte used in all devices. In all the supercapacitors, activatedcarbon is used as the active layer and graphite ink as the currentcollector, with various aluminium or copper structures applied toenhance the current collectors’ conductivity. The capacitance of thesupercapacitors was between 0.05 F and 0.58 F and their equivalentseries resistance (ESR) was from <1 Ω to 14 Ω, depending mainly on thecurrent collector structure. Furthermore, leakage current and selfdischargerates were defined and compared for the various architectures. The barrier properties of the supercapacitor encapsulation have a clearcorrelation with leakage current, as was clearly shown by the lowerleakage in devices with an aluminium barrier layer. A cycle life testshowed that after 40000 charge-discharge cycles the capacitancedecreases by less than 10%.
Sensory Feedback for High Dissymmetric Master-Slave Dexterity
Cotsaftis, Michel,Keskinen, Erno Institute of Control 2002 Transaction on control, automation and systems eng Vol.4 No.1
Conditions are discussed for operating a dissymmetric human master-small (or micro) slave system in best (large position gain-small velocity gain) conditions allowing higher operator dexterity when real effects (joint compliance, link flexion delay and transmission distortion) are taken into account. It is shown that position PD feedback law advantage for ideal case no longer holds, and that more complicated feedback law depending on real effects has to be implemented with adapted transmission line. Drawback is slowdown of master slave interaction, suggesting to use more advanced predictive methods for the master and more intelligent control law for the slave.
Schmale, Julia,Henning, Silvia,Decesari, Stefano,Henzing, Bas,Keskinen, Helmi,Sellegri, Karine,Ovadnevaite, Jurgita,Pö,hlker, Mira L.,Brito, Joel,Bougiatioti, Aikaterini,Kristensson, Adam,Kaliviti Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.4
<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) constitute the single largest uncertainty in anthropogenic radiative forcing. To reduce the uncertainties and gain more confidence in the simulation of ACI, models need to be evaluated against observations, in particular against measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here we present a data set - ready to be used for model validation - of long-term observations of CCN number concentrations, particle number size distributions and chemical composition from 12 sites on 3 continents. Studied environments include coastal background, rural background, alpine sites, remote forests and an urban surrounding. Expectedly, CCN characteristics are highly variable across site categories. However, they also vary within them, most strongly in the coastal background group, where CCN number concentrations can vary by up to a factor of 30 within one season. In terms of particle activation behaviour, most continental stations exhibit very similar activation ratios (relative to particles<span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>></span><span class='thinspace'></span>20<span class='thinspace'></span>nm) across the range of 0.1 to 1.0<span class='thinspace'></span>% supersaturation. At the coastal sites the transition from particles being CCN inactive to becoming CCN active occurs over a wider range of the supersaturation spectrum.</p> <p>Several stations show strong seasonal cycles of CCN number concentrations and particle number size distributions, e.g. at Barrow (Arctic haze in spring), at the alpine stations (stronger influence of polluted boundary layer air masses in summer), the rain forest (wet and dry season) or Finokalia (wildfire influence in autumn). The rural background and urban sites exhibit relatively little variability throughout the year, while short-term variability can be high especially at the urban site.</p> <p>The average hygroscopicity parameter, <span class='inline-formula'><i>κ</i></span>, calculated from the chemical composition of submicron particles was highest at the coastal site of Mace Head (0.6) and lowest at the rain forest station ATTO (0.2-0.3). We performed closure studies based on <span class='inline-formula'><i>κ</i></span>-Köhler theory to predict CCN number concentrations. The ratio of predicted to measured CCN concentrations is between 0.87 and 1.4 for five different types of <span class='inline-formula'><i>κ</i></span>. The temporal variability is also well captured, with Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding 0.87.</p> <p>Information on CCN number concentrations at many locations is important to better characterise ACI and their radiative forcing. But long-term comprehensive aerosol particle characterisations are labour intensive and costly. Hence, we recommend operating “migrating-CCNCs” to conduct collocated CCN number concentration and particle number size distribution measurements at individual locations throughout one year at least to derive a seasonally resolved hygroscopicity parameter. This way, CCN number concentrations can only be calculated based on continued particle number size distribution information and greater spatial coverage of long-term measurements can be achieved.</p> </P>