GARCH모형의 물가와 임금간 인과관계

朴康植,金泰先,崔範洙 동국대학교 경영관리연구소 1993 經營經濟論叢 Vol.17 No.-

This paper analysis a causality under the heteroskedasticity. That the error terms have a covariance in the time series analysis can not be estimated efficiently If the covariance assumption have been broken, The OLS analysis method is overestimated at the coefficient and the test value is incorrected in the significant level For the causality, the unit root test decides stability level of the variable and the level is choosen between level instrument and difference instrument. The result of the unit root test was proved that the first difference instrument had the stability for WPI, CPI, WAGE. The optimal lags was adapted by the Akaike-Shwaltz lags method. The result of the Akaike-Shwaltz was appeared the optimal lags of 3-6. To efficiently estimate was used the ARCH, GARCH models that the error terms have the heteroskedasticity. In case of the Granger's causality, the WAGE was caused by WPI, CPI but In case of the optimal lags causality, the WAGE caused by WPI, the CPI was caused the wage. The efficient estimator was estimated by the ARCH and GARCH models. The causality between WAGE and WPI in the ARCH and GARCH models was appeared that the WAGE was caused by the WPI. *Professor of Economics, Dongguk University **Ph. D Candidate, Dep. Of Economics, Dogguk University ***Ph. D Candidate, Dep. of Economics, Dogguk University

Corrigendum to “The Association of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference with the Risk of Achilles Tendon Problems: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study”

Hyeong Sik Ahn,Hyun Jung Kim,Jin Soo Suh,Sayada Zartasha Kazmi,Tae Uk Kang,Jun Young Choi 대한정형외과학회 2024 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.16 No.2

Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery 2023;15:488-498 https://doi.org/10.4055/cios22238 In the article titled “The association of body mass index and waist circumference with the risk of Achilles tendon problems: a nationwide population-based longitudinal cohort study”, there was an error in the affiliation of the author, Tae Uk Kang. The correct affiliation for the author should be: Health and Wellness College, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea

임금보조제의 국민경제적 효과와 바람직한 제도설계 방향

이종훈,최강식 한국비교경제학회 2000 비교경제연구 Vol.7 No.2

This study focuses on employment and wage effects of the Wage Subsidy program for recruiting low-wage unemployed. In the context of 'Job Search Theory', Wage Subsidy can be conceptualized as the difference between the 'reservation wage' of the unemployed and the 'offer wage (or demand wage)'by the firm. Even though Wage Subsidy is considered as more effective plan for employment than public work, it is criticized, at times, by the fact that its pure employment effect may be drastically shrunk by, so called, deadweight loss, substitution effect and displacement effect. Our another study reports that the pure employment effect of Korean wage subsidy program is just around 15%, after controlling those effects. Also, Wage Subsidy may cause the workers' moral hazard problem for being reluctant to lower their reservation wages. We pay attention to the fact that, deadweight effect etc. are due to the possibility that firms hire the subsidized worker with the lower cost than his/her productivity. So, we are focusing on how to devise an 'incentive contact' for preventing this kind of cheating by firms. Consequently, we advise a 'bidding' system such that wage subsidies are given, by the preference of the smaller difference between a worker's reservation wage and the matching firm's offer wage. This scheme should induce the firms make their offer wages higher to the workder's productivity level, and make the workers themselves lower their reservation wages, as well, which, in turn, make the market wages down. Also, this scheme make the firm-worker match on more long-term basis, for it supports the couples of the smaller differences between reservation wage and offer wage.

갑상선암 예측에 있어 초음파적 변수 분석

임현정,최영식,박요한,오경승,이강대 고신대학교 의학부 2004 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

Background: The introduction of high resolution sonography has made it possible to detect nodules in the thyroid gland. However, there has been no reliable sonographic sign for distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid conditions. The aim of present study was to evaluate ultrasonographic (US) parameters in predicting thyroid cancer. Methods: One hundred fifty three patients who underwent thyroidectomy at Kosin Medical Center from January, 2000 to April, 2002 were included in the study. All patients were checked high resolutional US before surgery. Of the 153 patients 89 were malignant tumors and 64 benign. Malignant US parameters were defined as calcification, irregular margin, more taller than wide, and fat line obliteration. Calcification pattern was classified with single, punctated, and amorphous calcification. The US characteristics to predict malignancy were evaluated by means of multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: All of the malignant sonographic parameters such as calcification, 53 (89.8%) were thyroid carcinoma. The incidence rate of malignancy was 55.9% in solitary nodules and 65.7% in multiple nodules (p=0.303). Even though nodule size was less than 1.5㎝, the incidence of malignant tumor was 69.5% (p=0.04). Of 53 malignant nodules with calcification, the incidence of single, punctated, and amorphous calcification pattern was 6 (11.3%), 22 (41.5%), 25(47.2%), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of sonographic parameters were 76.4%, 87.5%, 89.5%, 72.7% and 81.0%, respectively. Upon the correlation of US-guided FNA cytology with pathologic diagnosis, the sensitivity of ultrasound-guided FNA cytology in differentiating benign and malignant nodule was 85.9%, the specificity 100% and overall diagnostic accuracy was 91.2%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of US parameters associated to follicular neoplasm, all were 75.0%. Conclusion : All the malignant US parameters including calcification, irregular margin, and more tall than wide showed high level of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Of these parameter, calcification and irregular margin were more significants. The more presence of calcifications with punctated and amorphous pattern could suggest the higher possibility of malignancy. However, further study is needed for clinical application of malignant US parameters in the thyroid tumors.

갑상선암에서 MAGE 1-6 mRNA를 검출하는MAGE common primer의 의의

남철우,최영식,박요한,이강대 고신대학교의과대학 2006 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.21 No.2

Background: MAGE (melanoma antigen gene) was named as cancer/testis specific antigens since their expression is only detected in the testis or cancer cells. Because of their relatively specific expression in the cancer cells, they have been considered as the early diagnosis of several cancers, or the appropriate targets for the specific immunotherapy mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, there were many reports about the expression of MAGE genes in various types of malignant tumors, but only a few reports in human thyroid neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MAGE common primers expressed in different histological types of thyroid tumors and to see the clinical usefulness of MAGE common primers on the thyroid tumors. Methods: Fifty-nine patients who underwent thyroidectomy at Kosin Medical Center from January, 2001 to April, 2002 were included in the study. Of the 59 patients 40 were papillary carcinoma, 4 follicular carcinoma, 3 medullary carcinoma, 1 anaplastic carcinoma, 4 nodular hyperplasia, 3 adenomatous goiter, and 4 follicular adenoma. Total cellular mRNA was extracted from those 48 cancer tissues, 11 benign tissues and additional eleven normal control thyroid tissues. Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (nested RT-PCR) with the MAGE common primers designed to detect MAGE 1-6 genes were employed in this study. With probes confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results: Of those 48 cases of thyroid carcinomas 10 cases (20.8%) were expressed MAGE common primers. In the 40 papillary carcinoma, MAGE common primers were expressed in 17.5%. In the four follicular carcinoma, they were expressed in two cases, and in one case of one anaplatic carcinoma. However, in the three cases of medullary carcinoma, MAGE gene was not expressed. None of 11 benign tumors and 11 normal tissues expressed any of these MAGE common primers. The sensitivity of MAGE common primers in thyroid tumors was 20.8% and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion: These results suggested that MAGE common primers were expressed low in the malignant thyroid tumors but it was not expressed in benign tumors and normal tissues. It is suggested that MAGE common primers can be used for preoperative differential diagnosis of follicular carcinoma from benign follicular adenoma which cannot be made by fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid tissue. However, further study is needed for clinical application of MAGE common primers expression as tumor markers in the thyroid tumors.

Alcaligenes latus의 배양방법에 따른 생분해성 플라스틱의 생산특성

박성연,조강현,최희식,류희욱,조경숙 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1998 이화환경연구 Vol.2 No.-

생장과 동시에 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate, PHB) 를 체내에 축적하고, 값싼 당류인 sucrose를 이용할 수 있는 Alcaligenes latus의 생장과 PHB 생산을 최적화 할 수 있는 배양 조건에 대하여 연구하였다. 균주 생장과 PHB 생산성에 미치는 sucrose의 초기농도의 영향을 5L 발효조를 이용하여 회분식 배양 방법에 의해 조사하였다. PHB생산성은 sucrose농도가 10g/L에서 30g/L로 증가함에 따라 0.11에서 0.36g-PHB/L·h까지 증가하였고, 그 이상의 농도에서는 큰 변화없이 0.36∼0.39g-PHB/L·h에서 일정하게 유지되었다. 균주의 비증식속도는 sucrose 농도 증가함에 따라 증가하여 30g/L에서 최대값 0.44h()을 보였으며, sucrose의 농도가 30g/L을 초과하면 균주의 생장은 기질에 의해 저해 받았다. A. latus를 이용하여 대량으로 PHB를 생산하기 위해 유가식 배양과 반연속 유가식 배양을 수행하였다. 인산염 제한하에서 유가식 배양에 의해 얻은 PHB 생산성은 1.14g-PHB/L·h로, 인산염 제한없는 조건에서 얻은 PHB생산성(2.10g-PHB/L·h)에 비해서 훨씬 작았다. PHB함량은 영양소 제한에 관계없이 55∼60%이었다. 영양소 제한 없이 반연속 유가식 배양법에 의해 PHB생산성을 4.5∼4.8g-PHB/L·h까지 향상시킬 수 있었다. 평균 PHB 함량, 소비된 sucrose당 건조 균체중량 수율 및 PHB 생산 수율은 각각 60%, 0.48 및 0.32이었다. 그러므로, 생장과 동시에 PHB를 축적할 수 있는 A. latus를 이용하여 PHB를 생산할 경우, 반연속 유가식 배양법은 높은 PHB생산성을 얻을 수 있는 유망한 배양법임을 알 수 있다. Optimum conditions for cell growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate, PHB) biosynthesis of Alcaligenes latus, which can accumulate PHB simultaneously in associated with cell growth and grows well on a cheap carbon source such as sucrose, were investigated. The effect of initial sucrose concentration, ranged from 10 to 50g/L, on the cell growth and PHB accumulation were studied by a batch culture in a 5L fermentor. PHB productivity was increased from 0.11 to 0.36g-PHB/L·h with increasing sucrose concentration up to 30g/L, and it was fairly constant between concentrations of 30g/L and 50g/L. The maximum specific growth rate, 0.44h(), was obtained at 30g-sucrose/L, and the growth was inhibited at concentrations of sucrose over 30g/L. A. latus was also cultivated to attain high PHB productivity by fed-batch or semicontinuous fed-batch culture techniques. PHB productivity by a fed-batch culture under phosphate limitation(1.14g-PHB/L·h) were smaller than that without nutrient limitation(2.10g-PHB/L·h). but there is no significant difference of PHB content(55∼60%) obtained in both culture. By a semicontinuous fed-batch culture without nutrient limitation, high PHB productivity could be obtained as 4.5∼4.8g-PHB/L·h. The average PHB content, the yield of dry cell weight, and the yield of per consumed sucrose were 60%, 0.48, and 0.32, respectively. These results suggest that the semicontinuous fed-batch culture technique is one of promising methods to achieve high PHB productivity by A. latus.

A comparative study of pulp vitality following vital pulpotomy using calcium hydroxide-based sealants in beagle dogs

Gil Joon Jung, Se Eun Kim, Chun-Sik Bae, Kyung Mi Shim, Seok Hwa Choi, Seong Soo Kang1 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2012 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.13 No.4

Vital pulpotomy is a very useful method for disarming of canine tooth, tooth fracture, periodontitis, and malocclusion in veterinary dentistry. Calcium hydroxide is the material commonly used as a liner during vital pulpotomy. This creates a mineralized barrier by stimulating osteoblastic hard tissue repair, arrests the inflammatory response, and soothes dentin. However, the powder or mix type calcium hydroxide materials have many disadvantages due to complicated procedures for use and are hard to handle when vital pulpotomy is followed under general anesthesia in animals. This study was conducted in order to compare the effect of mix and premixed paste type calcium hydroxide as a liner in vital pulpotomy. Six beagle dogs underwent hemisection on the mesial root of the mandibular first molar and vital pulpotomy on the distal root of the first molar. On the distal root of the left and right mandibular first molar, mix type (DYCAL®, Dentsply, USA) and premixed paste type calcium hydroxide (VITAPEX®, Morita, Japan) were used as liners, respectively. Radiological evaluation was performed at immediate, 4, 12, and 20 weeks after vital pulpotomy. According to the results, all teeth had well-formed dentinal bridges, and there were no periradicular lucency, lamina dura loss, or anomalies of the pulp cavity. According to these results, on vital pulpotomy in animals, premixed paste type calcium hydroxide was easy to handle and decreased the anesthesia period due to a more convenient application procedure. A further study of many clinical cases is needed for evaluation of side effects and other problems.

말초혈액에서 Tg mRNA에 대한 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응법의 갑상선 재발암의 분자생물학적 진단

권성일,박기룡,김현영,신채희,임영찬,최영식,박요한,이강대,장희경,이재화,염하용 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.4

연구배경: 갑상선암은 다른 조직에 발생한 암에 비해 비교적 천천히 자라므로 대부분 예후가 양호하지만, 일부에서는 주위 조직으로 침윤하거나 혹은 원격 전이로 인하여 치명적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 갑상선전절제술 및 131^I 제거술 후 경과 관찰시 갑상선암의 재발과 전이의 진단에 있어 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg의 측정이 현재 임상에서 가장 많이 이용되고 있으나 이 방법에는 여러 가지의 결점이 있다. 최근 Tg mRNA에 대한 RT-PCR법을 이용한 여러 연구결과는 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg 측정의 결점을 보완할 수 있는 좋은 보조적인 진단법으로 이용할 수 있을 가능성을 제시하였다. 이에 말초혈액에서 측정한 Tg mRNA에 대한 RT-PCR법이 갑상선 절제술 및 방사성요드 치료 후 갑상선암의 재발 및 전이 유무의 진단에 유용한가를 알아보고자 이 연구 시행하였다. 방법: 분화된 갑상선암으로 진단된 후 갑상선전절제술을 시행받고 방사성요드 치료를 받은 환자 중 현재까지 한차례에 이상 추적 방사성요드 전신 스캔을 시행하고 추적관찰이 가능했던 유두선암 35예, 여포선암 5예를 대상으로 연구를 시행하였다. 대상군은 131^I 스캔 소견상 음성인 군(Group Ⅰ), 잔여조직이 있는 군(Group Ⅱ), 국소전이가 있는 군(Group Ⅲ), 및 원격전이 군(Group Ⅳ)으로 구분하였다. 정상 대조군은 갑상선질환이 없는 10예의 건강인으로 하였다. 대상환자의 말초혈액을 이용한 Tg mRNA에 대해 특이적인 primer를 이용하여 RT-PCR 및 nested RT-PCR을 시행하였다. 결과: 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 131^I 스캔 소견상 음성인 군 21예 중 1예에서 Tg가 양성소견을 보였다. Anti Tg Ab가 양성인 4예 모두 Tg가 음성을 보였다. 잔여조직이 있거나 국소전이 및 원격전이를 보인 군 19예 중 Tg가 양성인 경우는 4예였으나, Tg mRNA는 전예에서 양성이었다. 2) 131^I 스캔에서 국소 및 원격전이 소견을 보인 8예 중 4예에서 Tg가 음성으로 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg 사이에 불일치 소견을 보였다. 3) 말초혈액에서 특이적인 primer를 이용하여 RT-PCR 및 nested RT-PCR을 시행한 결과 대상군 40예 및 정상 대조군 10예 모두에서 Tg mRNA가 양성을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 갑상선 절제술 및 방사성요드 치료 후 갑상선암의 재발 및 전이 유무를 평가함에 있어 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응법을 이용한 Tg mRNA 측정의 의의는 재평가되어야 한다고 생각된다. Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite advances in the treatment of thyroid cancer, disease recurrence and metastasis may occur in as many as 20% of patients, and so continues to pose major problems in its clinical management. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements, by immunoassay, are used to detect residual or recurrent thyroid cancer following thyriod ablation. However, the usefulness of immunoassay is limited by both the requirement for thyroid hormone withdrawal, to attain optimal test sensitivity, and interference by the antithyroglobulin antibody (Anti-Tg Ab). Recent studies have reported the clinical usefulness of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of Tg mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. We performed this study to evaluated the usefulness RT-PCR of Tg mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid carcinoma following a total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation therapy. Methods: Forty cases that underwent a total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation therapy were included in this study. Of the 40 patients, 35 were papillary carcinomas and 5 were follicular carcinomas. Ten normal control subjects were also studied. Tg mRNA was extracted. Then RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR, were run with specific Tg primers. Concurrently, DNA sequencing of the isolates was carried out to prove the isolates were identical to the nucleotide sequence of the Tg. Results: The Tg was detected in 4 of 19 patients, with either a residual thyroid bed, or metastasis, on a 131^I whole body scan and in 1 of 21 patients with a negative radioiodine scan. Surprisingly, the Tg mRNA was detected in all the patients and normal controls. Conclusion: From our results we can not recommend Tg mRNA, detected by RT-PCR in peripheral blood, as a tumor marker superior to that of the Tg serum level. We consider an intensive re-evaluation of the method is required before considering its clinical applications (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 17:501∼513, 2002).

하악 제3대구치의 존재여부 및 매복양상이 하악 우각부 골절과 과두 골절의 발생에 미치는 영향

이영주(Young-Joo Lee),송윤정(Yun-Jung Song),홍순민(Soon-Min Hong),채상식(Sang-Sik Chae),강현우(Hyeon-Woo Kang),최동주(Dong-Ju Choi),박준우(Jun-Woo Park) 대한치과의사협회 2012 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.50 No.9

Purpose : This study evaluated the impact of the presence and aspect of mandibular third molars to the mandible angle fracture or condyle fractures in Korean. Materials and Methods : A retrospective study was designed for patients attending the division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kang-dong sacred heart hospital for treatment of mandibular fracture from January 2006 to September 2010. The primary variable was the presence of mandibular third molar and the secondary variable was the aspects of third molar impaction. Mandibular third molars were classified by the impaction depth and the available space as Pell & Gregory system. Outcome variables were the presence of mandibular angle fracture or condyle fracture. Also the source of trauma, age, sex were studied. Hospital charts, radiographs were used for study. Statistic analysis was done with descriptive statistics, the X2-test, linear-bylinear association. P value under 0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results : The number of involved patients was 86. The ratio of male to female patients was about 9:1 for angle fracture and 7:3 for condyle fracture. The most common source of trauma was assault for angle fracture and fall down for condyle fracture. The presence of mandibular third molar increased frequency of angle fracture and decreased condyle fracture with larger impaction depth. But available space of mandibular third molar did not show high association with angle or condyle fractures. Conclusion : Preventive extraction of mandibular third molar is recommended for patients with high risk of angle fracture. Male patients at their third decade or martial artists, police officer could be the case. But it is not recommended for patients with low risk of angle fracture and high risk of condyle fracture relatively. Elder female patients without any symptom on their third molar could be the case.

Phospholipase D1 Acts through Akt/TopBP1 and RB1 to Regulate the E2F1-Dependent Apoptotic Program in Cancer Cells

Kang, Dong Woo,Lee, Shin Wha,Hwang, Won Chan,Lee, Bo Hui,Choi, Yong-Seok,Suh, Young-Ah,Choi, Kang-Yell,Min, Do Sik American Association for Cancer Research 2017 Cancer Research Vol.77 No.1

<P>A phospholipase that functions as a nodal modifier of colon cancer susceptibility mediates the cross-talk between two major tumor suppressor and oncogenic pathways, with implications for disease-selective therapeutic targeting.</P><P>The RB1/E2F1 signaling pathway is frequently deregulated in colorectal cancer and has been suggested to intersect with Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt pathways, but molecular evidence for this link is lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that phospholipase D1 (PLD1), a transcriptional target of β-catenin/TCF4, orchestrates functional interactions between these pathways during intestinal tumor development. Overexpression of PLD1 in intestinal epithelial cells protected cells from apoptosis induced by PLD1 ablation in the <I>Apc<SUP>min/+</SUP></I> mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Mechanistic investigations revealed that genetic and pharmacologic targeting of PLD1 promote the E2F1-dependent apoptotic program via both miR-192/4465–mediated downregulation of RB1 and inhibition of Akt–TopBP1 pathways. Moreover, the miRNA–RB1 axis and Akt pathway also contributed to the PLD1-mediated self-renewal capacity of colon cancer–initiating cells. Finally, PLD1-driven E2F1 target gene expression positively correlated with tumor stage in patients with colorectal cancer. Overall, our findings suggest that PLD1 mediates cross-talk between multiple major signaling pathways to promote the survival and malignancy of colon cancer cells and may therefore represent an ideal signaling node for therapeutic targeting. <I>Cancer Res; 77(1); 142–52. ©2016 AACR</I>.</P>