Political Participation of Japanese Women and Local Self-Governments : Its Trend and Review

Yazawa, Sumiko EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.1 No.-

For a long time, in Japan, until recently, political and public activities had been considered to be the men's domain and politics had been considered as "Men's Work" about the same as in some other countries. However, the Japanese political culture which had been dominated by men is slowly but steadily changing due to urbanization, the emergence of highly educated women, increasing participation of women in society, internationalization, and the trend toward an information-oriented society. This paper overviews the characteristics and trends of Japanese women's political participation since the end of the Second World War. It examines the current meaning of political participation of women, many of whom are seeking to form more humanized communities in which the individual and local culture can thrive together. This paper also considers the relationship of democracy to local self-government, and gender in the 1990's.

Explanation of the Thermal Formation of Dioxins from Thermodynamic Viewpoint

Yazawa, Akira,Nakazawa, Shigeatsu 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2001 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.7 No.1

The thermal formation of dioxins is typical of recent environmental issues relating to metallurgy. To analyze the behavior of these toxic species, computer assisted thermodynamic assessments were extensively carried out. In the homogeneous gas phase equilibria of the C-O-H-Cl system, the formation of dioxins is usually observed below 300-350℃, but is observed at higher temperature under the condition of oxygen deficiency. It has become clear that the presence of enough oxygen and hydrogen, as well as a decrease in chlorine content, would be desirable to prevent dioxin formation. From a strict thermodynamic standpoint, dioxins are meta-stable products observed under the retardation of the carbon deposition reaction which must be very slow at low temperature. The effects of some inhibitors or accelerators on the formation of dioxins are also discussed.

전국(戰國) 화폐(貨幣)로 본 진한(秦漢)시대 산동(山東)반도에 있어서의 전국(戰國) 습속(習俗)의 잔존(殘存)

야자와타다유키 ( Yazawa Tadayuki ) 역사교육학회 2008 역사교육논집 Vol.41 No.-

Cluster-Structured Particle Swarm Optimization with Interaction

Kazuyuki Yazawa,Makoto Motoki,Keiichiro Yasuda 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

A new cluster-structured Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with interaction and diversity of parameters is proposed in this paper. A swarm of PSO is divided into some sub-swarms (clusters), and not only interactions between sub-swarms and but also diversity of PSO parameters are added so as to improve the search ability of PSO. The cluster structure and the interaction of the proposed PSO are analyzed through some numerical simulations. The feasibility and the advantage of the proposed cluster-structured PSO are demonstrated through numerical simulations using four typical optimization test problems.

Fr. Matteo Ricci's World Map and Its Influence on East Aisa

Toshihiko, Yazawa 서강대학교 동아연구소 1983 東亞 硏究 Vol.- No.3

Long-term recurrence-free survival of a patient with advanced pure primary ovarian squamous cell carcinoma treated with dose-dense paclitaxel combined with carboplatin

( Hiroyuki Yazawa ),( Tsuyoshi Hiraiwa ),( Fumihiro Ito ),( Keiya Fujimori ) 대한산부인과학회 2017 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.60 No.6

We describe an extremely rare case of advanced pure primary ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), treated by adjuvant chemotherapy with dose-dense paclitaxel combined with carboplatin (dd-TC) plus the combination chemotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin (CPT-P), with long-term recurrence-free survival. A 71-year-old woman complaining of lower abdominal pain was referred to our hospital and a 7-cm-diameter solid tumor was identified. She was diagnosed with a left ovarian tumor that was highly suspicious for malignancy based on ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, low-anterior colon resection, and colostomy were performed. Intra- and post-operative histopathological diagnosis revealed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIc well-differentiated pure ovarian SCC. As adjuvant chemotherapy, 2 courses of dd-TC were administered, followed by 3 courses of CPT-P; the patient then underwent 4 additional courses of dd-TC. Both regimens were effective and there has been no recurrence or metastasis thus far in the 5 years since the operation.

EPA production in marine bacteria

K . Yazawa 한국미생물생명공학회 ( 구 한국산업미생물학회 ) 1991 천연 생리활성물질 탐색 및 개발 Vol.- No.-

Thermodynamic Considerations on the Thermal Formaion of the Environmentally Toxic Species such as Dioxins

(Akira Yazawa) 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2000 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.2000 No.0

Albert Melucci and Japanese Sociology : An Introduction Youth and New Social Movement in Contemporary Japan

Shujiro Yazawa 한국사회학회 2003 한국사회학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

How can we situate Melucci’s The Playing Self and The Challenging Code in the trends of social movements studies? Needless to say, Melucci started from the theory of Touraine and tried to overcome it. What is the relationship between this Melucci’s trace and Touraine’s works in recent years which deal with the end of social movement and the redefinition of social movement? Touraine argues that Melucci differenciated collective action from social movement. The former was defined as the process of creating of its own identity (meaningful life experience) which started from weak self, the process of constructing collective identity and the process of “reconstructing the totality of life experience and its internal diversity by linking together body and mind, identization and participation, diversity and unity.” The latter was defined as “a central conflict between identity and deregulated, market-oriented processes of change that threaten, destroy, or manipulate self-identity.” Namely the difference between Touraine and Melucci is that Touraine deals with social movement in terms of subjectivity which means “struggle against communal integration and instrumentalism of the market and technology”, and Melucci deals with collective action, which means a process of creating and keeping meaningful life experience and constructing of totality of life experience. In the Epilogue of The Playing Self, Melucci has clarified that individuals are becoming the social core of the social structure and that individuation processes have had not only negative sides but also the following positive sides. “I believe that we are currently witnessing a change in the structure of society that makes individuals central social actors, providing them with resources, capacities, and autonomy as well. This allows them to act as social actors who can be more autonomous, more self-reflective, more responsible, more resourceful.” And yet he has also pointed out that “social actors simultaneously become more exposed to social pressures and manipulation which increasingly intervene in the inner structure of individual identity in the moral, psychological, motivational components of the self.” This fact is the point of departure in Melucci’s work on social movements. Namely the point of departure in his work on social movements is the border area between the individual and the apparatuses of the system. The point of the departure which Melucci had chosen seems to be suitable enough to be able to analize the context of Japanese society. The concept of identity was founded by E.H. Erickson in 1950’s when modem society has been fallen into the crisis. Therefore the concept of identity really meant the crisis of identity. This concept had been introduced to Japan in 1960’s. But people in modem society has been in double-bind and forced to unable to establish identity, even if they would like to do it. Identity meant disperse of identity. During 1980’s people had been trying to change the form of their social behavior (J. Rifton’s Protean self) in order to adapt to radical social changes. But body, human nature and nature as the base of individual has become more exposed to social pressure and manipulation in the midst of globalization, because many intermediate groups has been weakened by being integrated into capitalism. Nowadays so many people especially youths have been in maladaptation. Overeating, Rejection of eating, Hikikomori and Wrist-cutter are among explicit social phenomena. These social phenomena are emerging in the border area between the individual and apparatuses and the system which is not clearly defined and very important sociological symptom. Isn’t it possible to think that they are the point of departure of movement, which is trying for individual to become individual? Isn’t it possible to think that they are the point of departure of new social movement? The new social movement in this con

기획논문 : 메이지 이후 일본어 문법 용어의 성립과 품사분류표

야자와마코토 ( Makoto Yazawa ) 연세대학교 언어정보연구원(구 연세대학교 언어정보개발원) 2015 언어사실과 관점 Vol.36 No.-

본 논문에서는 근대 일본의 품사 분류를 개략적으로 설명함과 더불어, 현행 형태의 품사분류표의 성립에 대하여 논하겠다. 현재 일본어의 품사분류표는 하시모토의 품사분류표를 기본으로 한다. 하시 모토의 품사분류표는 크게 (A) 자립·부속 (하시모토에서는 독립/부속), 활용·비활용의 대립에 의한 교차 분류 부분과 (B) 주어나 술어, 운용 수사어등 구문적 기능에 의해 분류하는 부분, (C) 명사나 동사 등의 품사를 나타내는 부분의 세 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 각각 (A)는 전통적인 국학의 문법관, (B)는 하시모토의 문절의 관계, (C)는 오쓰키 후미히코 이후의 품사가 반영되어있다. 본론에서는 우선, (A)에 사용되는 대립 개념이 어떻게 한어 문법서(漢文典)에서 국학류의 문법서류로 들어와 일본어의 문법 개념으로써 성립하였는 지를 검토하고, 더불어 (C)에 있어서, 양학류의 문법서와 국학류의 문법서를 조합한 절충이 어떤 식으로 이루어지고 어떤 차이가 생겼는지를 본다. 그리고 그 절충의 어긋남을 수정하려는 기획이 메이지 20년대 중반에 생겨났으며, 그 과정에서 품사분류표가 성립된 것을 설명한다. 이하, 각 장의 개요는 다음과 같다. 우선 「1. 한문법에서 국학류 문법으로의 용어의 도입과 수정」에서는, 국학류의 문법에 있어서 품사의 규정에 사용되는 「사(詞)/사(辭)」나 「체(體)/용(用)」, 「활용」 등의 개념에 대하여, 이들 개념은 한문법에 있어서 「실(實) /허(虛)」, 「동(動)/정(靜)」, 「사(死)/활(活)」 등의 대립 개념이 에도기의한학자를 거쳐 재규정된 후에 받아들여졌다는 점, 국학류의 문법에서는 품사는 「체(명사류) /용(동사·형용사류) /사(조사·조동사류)」의 세 가지로 분류되는 것이 일반적으로, 국학류의 문법의 품사의 인식 방법에서는 (A)와 같은 크로스 분류는 되지 않는 것을 설명한다.「2. 영문법으로부터 양학류 문법에의 적응」에서는 메이지 초기의 양학류문법서를 중심으로 조사나 조동사, 감탄사의 규정에 대하여 검토한다. 영문법의 ‘proposition’을 바탕으로 설정된 조사는 격조사와 일부의 부조사를 포함하는 것에서부터 「~서(て)」 「~면서(つつ)」 등 일부 접속조사도 포함하는 것으로 확장되었으나, 문말의 종조사류는 포함되지 않은 점, 마찬가지로 영어의 ‘auxiliary verb’를 바탕으로 설정된 조동사는 「~구나(ばや)」나 「~할 것이다(なむ)」 등 활용하지 않는 종조사 류도 포함된다는 점, 감탄사도 「~여(よ)」나 「~지(な)」 등 자립하지 못하는 종조사도 포함하고 있는 국학류 문법과의 절충을 꾀했다고 보는 오쓰키 후미히코 「어법지남(語法指南)」(1890)에서도 마찬가지의 상황으로 절충의 혼돈이 발생하였다는 사실을 설명한다. 「3. 품사분류표의 성립」에서는, 오쓰키(1890)의 품사의 규정이 서서히 자리를 잡아가는 일면 속에서 오쓰키의 「절충」이 양학류 문법서에 우선하여 국학류 문법서의 불완전한 부분을 보충한 것이기 때문에 절충의 어긋남이 발생하였으며, 이 둘 사이에 이론적인 조정이 필요해졌음을 설명한다. 1890년대의 문법서는 표준이 된 오쓰키의 품사분류를 받아들이면서 양학류 문법서와 국학류 문법서와의 이론적 정합성을 도모했다고 생각된다. 그 방법으로 단어 전체에 「자립(詞) ·부속 (辭)」과 「비활용(體) ·활용(用)」의 대립을 교차분류하는 조치를 취함으로써 「활용하지 않는 조동사」와 「자립하지 않는 감탄사」가 해소되게 된 것이다. 현행의 교차 분류형으로 이루어진 품사분류표는 그 원리를 명확히 나타냄과 더불어 오쓰키의 품사를 전부 나타내는 것으로써 생겨났다고 생각할 수 있는 점을 기술한다. This study outlined the part of speech classification in modern Japanese and dealt with the development of the part of speech classification table in current form. The current part of speech classification table of Japanese language is based on the part of speech classification table of Shinkichi Hashimoto. The part of speech classification table of Hashimoto can be generally divided into three parts; (A) the part to be cross-classified by the conflict of use and non-use such as self-reliance and accessories (Independent / included in Hashimoto’s table), (B) the part to be classified by function such as the subject and predicate and predicate-modifier, and (C) the part that indicates the part of speech such as a noun or a verb. (A) reflects the grammatical view of traditional Japanology, (B) the clause of the relationship of Hashimoto, and (C) the part of speech after Fumihiko Otsuki. The main text of the study examined how the contrasting concept used in (A) was brought from Chinese grammar into Japanese grammar and established as the grammatical concept of the Japanese language and how the eclecticism between Western grammar and Japanese grammar as well as the deviation from it took place regarding (C). This study went on to explain that the plan to correct the deviation of eclecticism emerged in the middle of the 20th year in the MeijiEra to form the part of speech classification table. The following shows the summary of each chapter. First, in “1. The introduction and modification of the terms from Chinese grammar to Japanese grammar”, it explained that concepts used to define the part of speech in Japanese grammar include ”詞/辭”, “體/用”, and “Conjugation”, that the contrasting concepts such as “True/False”, “Dynamic/Static”, and “Death/Life” in Chinese grammar were accepted after they were redefined through the scholars of Chinese classics during the Edo period, that the part of speech in traditional Japanese grammar had been generally divided into three categories such as 「Nouns / Verbs and Adverbs / Postpositions and Auxiliary Verbs」, and that the cross classification such as (A) would have not been used in traditional Japanese grammar to identify the part of speech. Second, in「2. Adaptation to Western grammar through English grammar」, it reviewed the definition of postpositions, auxiliary verbs, and exclamations centering on the Western grammar in the beginning of the Meji Era. It went on to explain that the postposition defined based on the proposition in English grammar expanded from whose that included case markers and some auxiliary postpositions to those that also included some connective postpositions such as「 て」and「つつ」, however, did not include ending propositions at the end of the sentence, that the auxiliary verb which was defined based on the auxiliary verb in English grammar includes the ending propositions such as 「ばや」 and 「なむ 」, that the exclamations included the ending propositions that are not used independently such as 「よ」 and 「な」, and that even Fumihiko Otsuki who pursued the eclecticism with traditional Japanese grammar also manifested the deviation of eclecticism in 「Grammar Guide」(1890). In 「3. Establishment of the Part of Speech Classification Table」, it explains that Otsuki’s definition of the part of speech (1890) is gradually propagated and that Otsuki’s “eclecticism” requires theoretical adjustment between Western grammar and traditional Japanese grammar. The grammar in the 1890’s can be considered to have accepted Otsuki’s part of speech classification which became the standard while promoted the theoretical coherence between Western grammar and traditional grammar. As a method to achieve coherence, the contrast in “independence / accessory” and “non-use/use” in the entire word was cross-classified to resolve “unvaried auxiliary verb” and “non-independent exclamation.” It also clearly explained the principle of the current part of speech classification table applying the cross-classification and that it was developed by presenting all parts of speech of Otsuki.