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대형 화재로 인한 사상자의 손상 유형과 합병증 : 동인천 라이브호프 화재를 중심으로
신중호,김재광,염석란,신종환,민순식,임용수,양혁준,이근,황성연 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3
Background: High risks of fire alway exist for buildings in urban areas, especially those in downtown. Crowds, as well as more complex and larger structures, may cause more victims in the event of fire; therefore, emergency medical service plans must be established for such disastrous events. Methods: On the evening of October 30,1999, a fire broke out in downtown, Dong-Incheon Live-Hof restaurant; 56 people were killed and 76 were injured. Most of them were teenagers. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the victims, Results: 1) Among the 56 dead, 54 died from smoke inhalation, one from extensive burns, and one from sepsis during treatment. 2) Among the 76 injured, 70 patients suffered from smoke inhalation, 53 from burns, and 9 from several types of trauma (sprains, contusions, lacerations, abrasions, fractures, etc.). 3) Later complications were laryngeal edema, pulmonary edema, scar contracture, and hypoxic brain damage, and so forth. 4) Post traumatic stress syndrome was unexpectedly more prevalent in mildly to moderately injured survivors and witnesses than in seriously injured survivors. Conclusion: Many complications exist after a fire. Some may be resolved in time, but others may result in permanent sequelae. Early rescue, early triage, and early management during transport by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel can result in fewer complications and a lower mortality rate. Therefore, we propose the establishment of plans to be followed during various major disasters.
Jong Min Yeom,Kyung Soo Han,Youn Young Park,Young Seup Kim 大韓遠隔探査學會 2006 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.22 No.5
Surface Solar Insolation is important for vegetation productivity, hydrology, crop growth, etc. In this study, Surface Solar Insolation is estimated using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) in clear and cloudy conditions. For the Cloudy sky cases, the surface solar insolation is estimated by taking into account the cloud transmittance and multiple scattering between cloud and surface. This model integrated Kawamura`s model and SMAC code computes surface solar insolation with a 5 km×5 km spatial resolution in hourly basis. The daily value is derived from the available hourly Surface Solar Insolation, independently for every pixel. To validation, this study uses ground truth data recorded from the pyranometer installed by the Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA). The validation of estimated value is performed through a match-up with ground truth. Various match-up with ground truth. Various match-up window sizes are tested with 3×3, 5×5, 7×7, 9×9, 10×10, 11×11, 13×13 pixels to define the spatial representativity of pyranometer measurement, and to consider drifting clouds from adjacent pixels across the ground station during the averaging interval of 1 hour are taken into account.
Jong-Min Yeom,Jisoo Hwang,Cheong-Gil Jin,Dong-Han Lee,Kyung-Soo Han IEEE 2016 IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing Vol.54 No.10
<P>A vicarious calibration with reference to characterized surface tarps was conducted to determine the first radiometric characteristics of KOMPSAT-3. The 6S radiative transfer model was also used by inputting various initial parameters, such as the spectral response function of KOMPSAT-3, and atmospheric and geometric conditions. Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer atmospheric products, such as aerosol optical depth, precipitable water, and total ozone, were used as input parameters to interpret solar radiation reflection, scattering, and absorption effects. In the first field campaign, the radiometric coefficients from each of the spectral bands were estimated by calculating the predicted radiance at sensor level and the digital number (DN) of KOMPSAT-3 based on a linear least squares fit over a range of target reflectance levels. The second field campaign measurements were also used to upgrade the KOMPSAT-3 DNs to radiance coefficients. The root-mean-square error differences between simulated radiance and measured radiance during the second field campaign for 'sensor-to-itself' calibration were 2.072 W/m(2)sr (blue), 6.80 W/m(2)sr (green), 7.512 W/m(2)sr (NIR), and 5.712 W/m(2)sr (red), respectively. This highlights that radiometric calibration with tarps is a reliable method. Furthermore, the gain ratio between the first and the second one was <5%, indicating reasonable radiometric calibration results. Additionally, cross-validation of KOMPSAT-3 with radiometrically well-calibrated Landsat-8 was performed over bright desert. Although the difference between the vicarious calibration with surface tarps and cross-validation with Landsat-8 was significant, reasonable results were obtained under close geometrical conditions, despite inherent vicarious calibration error.</P>
Yeom, Jong-Min,Han, Kyung-Soo,Park, Youn-Young,Kim, Young-Seup The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2006 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.22 No.5
Surface Solar Insolation is important for vegetation productivity, hydrology, crop growth, etc. In this study, Surface Solar Insolation is estimated using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) in clear and cloudy conditions. For the Cloudy sky cases, the surface solar insolation is estimated by taking into account the cloud transmittance and multiple scattering between cloud and surface. This model integrated Kawamura's model and SMAC code computes surface solar insolation with a $5\;km{\times}5\;km$ spatial resolution in hourly basis. The daily value is derived from the available hourly Surface Solar Insolation, independently for every pixel. To validation, this study uses ground truth data recorded from the pyranometer installed by the Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA). The validation of estimated value is performed through a match-up with ground truth. Various match-up with ground truth. Various match-up window sizes are tested with $3{\times}3,\;5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;9{\times}9,\;10{\times}10,\;11{\times}11,\;13{\times}pixels to define the spatial representativity of pyranometer measurement, and to consider drifting clouds from adjacent pixels across the ground station during the averaging interval of 1 hour are taken into account.
Jong-Min Yeom,Kyung-Soo Han 한국기상학회 2009 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.45 No.4
The land surface reflectance related to solar energy system parameters is important for interpreting the solar-earth energy balance system and climate change. Previous studies using time series of satellite-sensed images have reported that surface anisotropy effects can cause serious error in estimations of solar radiation parameters such as reflectance, albedo, vegetation indices, and insolation. To correct such BRD (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution) effects, we use a BRDF (Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function) model based on a semi-empirical model. Recently, synthesizing data from polar-orbit and geostationary satellite images has been considered an alternative solution to the angle sampling difficulties caused by these different observation systems. The angular sampling distribution is examined using polar plots to identify differences between geostationary and polar-orbit satellites. We conduct comparative analyses of various BRDF kernels to determine the optimal BRDF geometric kernel (from the Li-Sparse model). To characterize prominent bidirectional effects, such as strong backward scattering, scatter plots in the principal plane are created for various solar zenith angle ranges. Then, the determined Li-Sparse geometry with Roujean volume scattering kernel is applied to estimate reflectance in a standard geometry over the study area. For all of the retrieved surface nadir reflectances, RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) variations are less than 0.3 during the study period, even in summer when severe weather conditions occur. Winter has the highest accuracy for the satellite data set. Combining MTSAT-1R (Multi-functional Transport Satellite-1R) and SPOT/VGT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre VEGETATION) data improve estimated normalized reflectance, compare with that for MTSAT-1R values alone over the study area.
Yeom, Jong-Min,Deo, Ravinesh,Chun, Junghwa,Hong, Jinkyu,Kim, Dong-Su,Han, Kyung-Soo,Cho, Jaeil Taylor & Francis 2017 International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. No.
<P>Net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (NEE) is a key parameter for understanding the terrestrial plant ecosystems, but it is difficult to monitor or predict over large areas at fine temporal resolutions. In this research, we estimated the hourly NEE using a combination of the integrated neural network (NN) model with geostationary satellite imagery to overcome the limitations of existing daily polar orbiting satellite-derived carbon flux products. Two sets of satellite imageries (i.e. the meteorological imager (MI) and geostationary ocean colour imager (GOCI) aboard communication, ocean, and meteorological satellite (COMS)) and CO2 flux data derived from eddy covariance measurements were used to verify the feasibility of applying hourly geostationary satellite imagery with an NN-based approach for estimating NEE at high temporal resolutions. For the NN model, the optimum neuronal architecture was established using an NN with one hidden layer that was trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm. The hourly NEE values estimated in test period from the NN model using the combined COMS MI and GOCI imagery and ground measurements as model inputs were compared with the eddy covariance NEE values from the measurement tower, which yielded reliable statistical agreement. The hourly NEE results from the NN model based on COMS MI and GOCI imagery and ground measurement data had the highest accuracy (RMSE = 2.026 mu mol m(-2) s(-2), R = 0.975), while the root mean square error (RMSE) and the regression coefficient (R) generated by the NN model based on satellite imagery as the sole input variable were relatively lower (RMSE = 3.230 mu mol m(-2) s(-2), R = 0.952). Although the simulations for the satellite-only NEE were showed as lower accuracy than the NN model that included all input variables, the hourly variations in NEE also appeared to describe its daily growth and development pattern well, indicating the possibility of deriving hourly-based products from the proposed NN model using geostationary satellite data as inputs.</P>
Jong-Min Yeom,한경수,김재진 한국기상학회 2012 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.48 No.2
Solar surface insolation (SSI) represents how much solar radiance reaches the Earth’s surface in a specified area and is an important parameter in various fields such as surface energy research,meteorology, and climate change. This study calculates insolation using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) data with a simplified cloud factor over Northeast Asia. For SSI retrieval from the geostationary satellite data, the physical model of Kawamura is modified to improve insolation estimation by considering various atmospheric constituents, such as Rayleigh scattering, water vapor,ozone, aerosols, and clouds. For more accurate atmospheric parameterization,satellite-based atmospheric constituents are used instead of constant values when estimating insolation. Cloud effects are a key problem in insolation estimation because of their complicated optical characteristics and high temporal and spatial variation. The accuracy of insolation data from satellites depends on how well cloud attenuation as a function of geostationary channels and angle can be inferred. This study uses a simplified cloud factor that depends on the reflectance and solar zenith angle. Empirical criteria to select reference data for fitting to the ground station data are applied to suggest simplified cloud factor methods. Insolation estimated using the cloud factor is compared with results of the unmodified physical model and with observations by ground-based pyranometers located in the Korean peninsula. The modified model results show far better agreement with ground truth data compared to estimates using the conventional method under overcast conditions.