고려 후기 얼자(孽子)의 지위 향상과 그 역사적 배경

이종서(Lee, Jong-seo) 한국역사연구회 2015 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.97

Examined in this article are the Seo’eol figures of the Goryeo period, who were also the former version of the Joseon Seo’eol figures. They were called as a whole as ‘Seo/Eol’ in Joseon, but in Goryeo there was a strict distinction between ‘Seo(庶)’ and ‘Eol(孼).’ In the early half of the Goryeo period, the latter(“Eolja” figures) were not allowed to be appointed to governmental positions, and the former(“Seoja” figures) were in some cases restricted from applying for the dynastic competitive examination and was not allowed to rise above certain level of posts inside the government. But coming into the second half of the Goryeo period, not only cases of Seoja figures but also those of Eolja figures, in which they were able to apply for the dynastic exam and rise to the highest level of posts inside the government, started to emerge. We can see such changes inside the royal family as well, as the Eolja sons of the king, who were formerly without any right to claim succession to the throne and were forced to become Buddhist priests, were now entitled to become governmental officials or receive honorary entitlements. We can see that from the case of King Gongmin-wang’s Eolja son Wang Wu, who was enthroned in 1374 as Gongmin-wang’s successor. Elevation in the Eolja figures’ status in the second half of the Goryeo period was enabled in the wake of the Yuan imperial government’s strong and steady influences and interventions into Goryeo internal affairs. At first, the Eolja figures mounted individual attempts and efforts to use the situation to their advantage. And when they grew sufficiently accustomed to the Yuan imperial order, their acknowledgement of the Yuan order, its law codes which were not without Chinese elements, and the Chinese nature of such behavioral protocols, all enabled them to accept the notion that Eolja figures deserve new chances and especially avenues of career advancement which were not available for them before. The Yuan law code which dictated and defined the status and rights of the ‘Seo(庶)’ figures literally granted the Seo and Eol figures in Goryeo the right to claim fiscal properties and career opportunities. The Goryeo leadership, including all the Confucian intellectuals, positively responded to the situation and recognized the Eolja figures’ political and social rights. Their status elevation did not involve anything abnormal or illegal, and even after Yuan lost its influences, they maintained such elevated status, which explain how the social status of the Seo/Eol figures in the early half of the Joseon period came to be established.

홍성 "노은리 고택"의 건축 시기와 가구(架構)의 원형 고찰

이종서,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.1

The old house at No'eun-ri, located in Hongseong-gun Hongbuk-myeon of the Chungcheong Nam-do province, really seems like the old house of late Seong Sam-mun who died in 1456. The original structure of the house seems to have been symmetrical, in terms of its left and right sides, and the females' chamber(Anchae) as well as the guest quarters(Haeng'rang-chae) would have featured a Matbae(맞배) fashion. The flank chamber and corridor would have displayed a multi-storied shape, and people would have been able to traverse the inside of the house all the way to the second story of the residence. We can see such shapes and dispositions from other 'ㅁ'-shaped houses - found in Chungnam and Gyeongbuk regions - which are now considered as distinct characteristics of certain residences constructed before the war with the Japanese in the 1590s, confirmed from extant vestiges and historical records of that time period. It can be concluded that the old house at No'eun-ri does harbor the traits and elements that resembled the upper class residences of the Joseon dynasty's early half period.

안동 "임청각(臨淸閣)"의 건축 이력과 원형 가구(架構) 추정 -사랑채와 안채를 중심으로-

이종서,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.2

Imcheong-gak[臨淸閣] was a familial residence constructed in the early half of the Joseon dynasty period. It was partially destroyed by a fire during the 1590s war[壬辰倭亂] with the Japanese, and another fire that was caused between 1631 and 1634. The inner chamber[An-chae] and the Sarang section[Sarang-chae] today is the result of a partial reconstruction that took place back in 1626 and again around 1634. The residence also went through some changes because the new Ondol[溫突] heating system had to be applied to the structure. Based upon sections that remain in their original forms, we can presume that the Imcheong-gak residence originally had an inner chamber which was composed of the following elements: A main structure which was built upon a foundation featuring a Matbae[맞배] roof, two "Ik'rang[翼廊, flank]" sections on the East and West sides of the inner chamber, and a "Haeng'rang[行廊, passage]" structure on the opposite side of the main structure. Unlike the main structure, other portions of the inner chamber were all built directly upon the ground, and showed multiple stories, with Matbae roofs of their own. We can also assume that the Sarang section in the south would have been a pre-Ondol[溫突] bedroom, with a Board platform[板房] and a Gomi-ceiling[Gomi-banza] fashion.

흥해배씨 종가 금역당(琴易堂)의 건축과 조선후기의 구조 변화 -건축이념 및 실용성과 관련하여-

이종서,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.4

Geum'yeok-dang house in Andong was originally constructed in 1558. The original floor plan of the upper base featured a 90-degree tilted '日' shape, and had inner court(內庭) on each side of 'Jungdang(中堂, center hall)' building that was placed on the south-north axis. When designing the building, the Neo-Confucian client of Geum'yeok-dang applied his understanding of how Ga'rye("家禮") defined the structure of ritual space. Consequently, 'Daecheong(大廳)', the place where guests were greeted and ancestral rites and coming of age ceremonies for male were held, was built in a protruding fashion. 'Jungdang'[otherwise known as 'Jeongchim(正寢)'], where coming of age ceremonies for females were held, the master of the house faced death, and memorials for close ancestors were held, was placed at the center of the residence on the south-north axis. The Geum'yeok-dang today was greatly renovated in the early and mid 18th century, due to the spread of 'Ondol' heating system. As the Ondol heating system became popular, the pre-existing drawbacks and the inconvenience of the house stood out clearly. As a result, the house was renovated into today's structure consisting of '口' shape 'Anchae' and 'Daecheongchae' in separate building.

1777년(정조 1) 이후 창덕궁 성정각의 편전(便殿) 구조

이종서,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2020 건축역사연구 Vol.29 No.6

The king of Joseon Dynasty Jeong-jo commanded the renovation of Seongjeong-gak, once a study for crown prince, to serve as Pyeonjeon(便殿), a main office for kings. The renovated building strictly separated the routes designated for the king and the other officers, respectively. The interior space consisted of Youngnae, reserved for the king and his senior aides, and Youngwae, for lower ranking officers. Youngnae(楹內) and Youngwae(楹外) corresponded to the two blocks (the space between two columns) on the east and west side, respectively. Such structure of Pyeonjeon was heavily transformed over several occasions beginning from the late nineteenth century. Youngwae was subdivided into separate spaces, and the routes for the king and the officers became indistinguishable.

고려~조선전기 鶴城李氏의 지역 내 위상과 역할

이종서(Lee Jong-Seo) 한일관계사학회 2007 한일관계사연구 Vol.28 No.-

학성이씨는 울산의 토성(土姓)이다. 토성은 고려시기 향리에서 연원하였다. 고려의 향리는 국가의 관료체제에 편입되었으며 상급 향리인 장리층(長吏層)은 중앙 양반과 신분이 동등했다. 그러나 고려후기에 실질적 위상이 하락하였고, 조선전기에는 제도적으로 격하되었다. 장리층은 이러한 변화에 대응하여 고려말에 대거 중앙관직을 얻어 향리를 벗어났고, 국가에서는 이탈을 억제하는 제도를 마련하였다. 그 결과 조선전기에는 고려의 장리 가문이 계속 향리를 담당하는 이족(吏族)과 양반이 되어 좌수와 별감을 담당하는 사족(士族)으로 분화하여 각자의 역할을 하였다. 학성이씨도 이족과 사족으로 분화하였다. 이예(李藝)의 아들 중 이종근의 후손은 향리직을 담당했고, 이종실의 후손은 사족이 되었다. 호장 등 상급 향리직을 담당하던 이종근의 후손들은 임진왜란을 계기로 향리 신분을 면하게 되었다. 그러나 이후에도 계속 향리를 담당하여 일부 가문은 1700년대 중반까지 이어졌다. 조선후기에 더 이상 향리가 존중받지 못하고 중인으로 천시되자 이종근의 후손들은 향리를 그만두었다. The Hakseong Lee House has been a renowned Toseong(土姓) entity in the Ulsan region for a long time. Toseong designations originated from the Hyangri entities of the Goryeo dynasty period. The Hyangri entities of Goryeo were part of the national ruling system overseen by the government, and the Jangri figures(the Jangri-class(長吏層), who were the senior Hyangri figures) occupied the social status equivalent to those of the Yangban figures living in the capital or other central regions. Yet their status deteriorated in the latter half period of the Goryeo dynasty, and in the early half of the Joseon period, their status was officially demoted. Responding to such changes in their own statuses, many of the Jangri figures managed to obtain positions inside the central government during the ending days of the Goryeo dynasty and escape the Hyangri status, while the government began to implement protocols discouraging the breaking from their original statuses. As a result, the Jangri houses of the Goryeo dynasty diverged into two groups, the Ijok(吏族) figures who kept managing Hyangri tasks, and the Sajok(士族) figures who became Yangban figures and were appointed to Jwasu and Byeolgam posts, in the early half period of Joseon. The Hakseong Lee house diverged as well. Among the sons of Lee Yae(李藝), Lee Jong Geun’s descendants continued to assume the roles of Hyangri, and Lee Jong Shil’s descendants became Sajok figures. Lee Jong Geun’s descendants, who were senior Hyangri figures(such as Hojang figures), escaped that status around the time of the Imjin-year war with the Japanese. Yet other house members maintained such existence through the mid-1700s. In the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, the Hyangri figures were no longer respected as they had been in the past, and were rather disdained as middle class citizens(中人). So the Lee House members discontinued their service as Hyangri figures.

선천성 무지 저형성증의 수술적 치료

이종서(Jong Seo Lee),안태영(Tae Young Ahn),이태훈(Tae Hoon Lee),김휘택(Hui Taek Kim) 대한정형외과학회 2013 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.48 No.6

목적: 선천성 무지 기형에 대한 수술적 치료의 결과와 합병증을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2002년부터 2011년까지 부산대학교병원에서 9예의 무지를 수술적 치료하였다. 남아가 5예, 여아가 4예였다. 수술 당시 나이는 평균 4.7세로 5세 이하가 7예, 10세 이상이 2예였다. 5예의 Blauth 제5형 저형성증(무형성증)은 무지 형성술(Buck-Gramcko technique)로 치료하였고 4예의 제1, 2형 저형성증에 대해서는 무지 대립 성형술(opponensplasty)과 건이전술(신전력 및 외전력 보강)로 치료하였다. 치료 결과 평가는 Mehta의 점수 체계를 사용하였다. 결과: 9예 중 우수 5예, 양호 3예, 불량 1예의 결과를 보였다. 무지 무형성증 중 3예, 저형성증 중 1예 등 총 4예에서 근력 약화, 중수지 관절(metacarpo-phalangeal joint)의 아탈구로 인해 대립근 성형술, 중수골 단축술 등 재수술이 필요했다. 최종 운동범위는 전 예에서 무지 외전이 40o 이상, 집게능력(pinch power)은 정상 측에 비교하여 40% 이상이었다. 결론: 무지 무형성증 및 저형성증에 대해 무지 형성술, 무지 대립 성형술과 근력 약화에 대한 추가 수술로 기능 및 외관상 양호한 결과를 얻었다. Purpose: We evaluated the results and complications of surgical treatment for congenital thumb abnormalities. Materials and Methods: Between 2002 and 2011, nine thumbs were surgically treated (Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea). There were five males and four females. The mean age of patients at the time of operation was 4.7 years (seven patients were under five years old and two patients were over 10). Five cases of Blauth type V hypoplasia (aplasia) were treated by pollicization (using the Buck-Gramcko technique). Four cases of type I or II hypoplasia were treated by opponensplasty and tendon transfer (for extensor and abductor augmentation). The Mehta scoring system was used for analysis of outcomes. Results: Among nine cases, outcomes were good in five cases, fair in three cases, and poor in one case. Second operations were required due to muscle weakness and metacarpo-phalangeal joint subluxation in three cases of aplasia and one case of hypoplasia. In all cases, the range of active abduction of the thumb was more than 40° and pinch power was at least 40% of that on the normal side at the latest follow up. Conclusion: Surgical reconstruction using pollicization and opponensplasty for congenital thumb aplasia and hypoplasia, with additional surgery for muscle weakness, provided good results both functionally and cosmetically.

위암환자 900예의 임상분석 및 생존율의 변화

이종서(Jong Seo Lee),조원일(Won Il Cho),유승진(Seung Jin You),김응국(Eung Kook Kim),장석균(Suk Kyun Chang),김승남(Seung Nam Kim),송영택(Young Tack Song),이재학(Jai Hak Lee),주상용(Sang Yong Choo) 대한외과학회 1993 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research Vol.45 No.6

고려~조선전기 상류 주택의 防寒 설비와 炊事 도구

이종서(Lee, Jong-Seo) 한국역사민속학회 2007 역사민속학 Vol.- No.24

조선전기 상류 주택은 우뚝하게 높고 마루방이 많은 것이 특징이었다. 온돌이 일부 설치되었지만 대부분의 주거공간은 공중에 뜬 마루방으로 지어졌다. 궁궐을 포함한 상류주택에서 온돌은 1600년을 전후한 시기에 급속히 확산되어 보편적인 난방방식이 되었다. 온돌이 보편화되기 전에는 방바닥에 털로 짠 毛氈이나 마른풀로 짠 돗자리를 깔고 살았다. 모전보다는 돗자리가 일반적으로 사용되었다. 돗자리는 실내 전체를 덮은 ‘鋪陳’과 침석이나 방석 역할을 하는 ‘蒲團’이 있었다. 돗자리는 여름철의 습기와 겨울철의 냉기를 막는데 중점을 두고 제작되었다. 재료는 부들이 많이 사용되었다. 조선후기 기록에서는 일본의 다다미처럼 두터운 ‘등매석’이 있었음이 확인된다. 조선전기 상류주택의 실내에도 등매석처럼 두텁게 짠 자리를 깔았을 것이다. 고려~조선전기까지는 세발솥[鼎]과 풍로를 이용하여 음식을 조리하였다. 세발솥과 풍로는 기록에서 자주 확인될뿐더러 그림과 출토된 실물이 남아 있어 구체적인 모습까지 알 수 있다. 세발솥과 풍로는 고려~조선전기의 보편적인 취사도구였다. 공중에 들린 마루방, 두툼한 깔개, 세발솥과 풍로를 사용한 것은 온돌이 보편화지 않았기 때문이었다. 임진왜란을 전후하여 급속히 보편화된 온돌은 방을 덥히는 데 그치지 않고 주택의 구조와 방한 및 취사도구까지 규정하였다. 마루방을 소멸시키고, 깔개를 얇게 했으며, 취사장소를 고래 앞 부뚜막으로 고정시켰다. In the early era of Choson Dynasty, the significance of particularity in the residential house was that many houses were having timber floored rooms which were raised high above the ground which called ‘Maru’ in korean. Although ‘Ondol(Korean underfloor heating system)’ was installed in some of the areas in the house, most of the living space was built as Maru. High class residential houses including palace, Ondol was rapidly spreading and it became one of the common heating method in the residential houses. Before that people lived on a mattress laid on the floor which were made with dried hay or woollen carpet. The mattress made with dried hay was the msot commonly used. There were two kinds of mattress which was made with dried hay. One was ‘Pojin(鋪陳)’ which was covering the floor completely and the other one was ‘Podan(蒲團)’ which was used as a small mat for sitting or mattress for sleeping. Those were thick as like Dadami in Japan. During Koryo and early Choson dynasty, three legged pot(鼎) and portably cooking stove(風爐) were used for cooking. The using of the three legged pot and portable cooking stove is easily found in the record and also some have been excavated so that it is confirming that those cooking utensils were used for cooking. The reason why Maru, thick mattress, three legged pot and portable cooking stove were used was because Ondol was not commonly used. Those were disappeared by late Choson dynasty when Ondol was mostly installed in the residential houses.

朝鮮前期의 住居用 層樓 建築 傳統

이종서(Lee, Jong-seo) 한국역사민속학회 2006 역사민속학 Vol.- No.22