Smoking Cessation Intervention in Rural Kerala, India: Findings of a Randomised Controlled Trial

Jayakrishnan, Radhakrishnan,Uutela, Antti,Mathew, Aleyamma,Auvinen, Anssi,Mathew, Preethi Sara,Sebastian, Paul Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.11

Background: Prevalence of tobacco use is higher in the rural than urban areas of India. Unlike tobacco cessation clinics located in urban areas, community-based smoking cessation intervention has the potential to reach a wider section of the community to assist in smoking cessation in the rural setting. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a cessation intervention in rural Kerala state, India. Materials and Methods: Current daily smoking resident males in the age group 18-60 years from four community development blocks in rural Kerala were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received multiple approaches in which priority was given to face-to-face interviews and telephone counselling. Initially educational materials on tobacco hazards were distributed. Further, four rounds of counselling sessions were conducted which included a group counselling with a medical camp as well as individual counselling by trained medical social workers. The control group received general awareness training on tobacco hazards along with an anti-tobacco leaflet. Self-reported smoking status was assessed after 6 and 12 months. Factors associated with tobacco cessation were estimated using binomial regression method. Results: Overall prevalence of smoking abstinence was 14.7% in the intervention and 6.8% in the control group (Relative risk: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.25). A total of 41.3% subjects in the intervention area and 13.6% in the control area had reduced smoking by 50% or more at the end of 12 months. Lower number of cigarettes/ bidi used, low nicotine dependence and consultation with a doctor for a medical ailment were the statistically significant predictors for smoking cessation. Conclusions: Rigorous approaches for smoking cessation programmes can enhance quit rates in smoking in rural areas of India.

Assessment of Nicotine Dependence among Smokers in a Selected Rural Population in Kerala, India

Jayakrishnan, R.,Mathew, Aleyamma,Lekshmi, Kamala,Sebastian, Paul,Finne, Patrik,Uutela, Antti Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.6

Objectives: An attempt was made to understand the nicotine dependence of smokers selected for an ongoing smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala, India. Methods: Data were collected from resident males in the age group of 18 to 60 years from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district (2 intervention and 2 control groups). Trained accredited social health activist workers were utilised to collect data from all groups through face to face interview. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) translated into the local language. The internal consistency of FTND was computed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Criterion validity (concurrent) was assessed by correlations of nicotine dependence scores with age at initiation of smoking and cumulative smoking volume in pack-years. Results: Among the 928 smokers identified, 474 subjects were in the intervention area (mean age = 44.6 years, SD = 9.66 years) and 454 in the control area (mean age = 44.5 years, SD = 10.30 years). The overall FTND score among current daily smokers was 5.04 (SD: 5.05). FTND scores in the control and intervention areas were 4.75 (SD: 2.57) and 4.92 (SD: 2.51) respectively. The FTND scores increased with age and decreased with higher literacy and socioeconomic status. The average FTND score was high among smokers using both bidi and cigarettes (mean 6.10, SD 2.17). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70 in a subsample of 150 subjects, a moderate result. The association of the scale was strongest, with the number of pack-years smoked (rho = 0.677, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A moderate level of nicotine dependence was observed among smokers in the current study. Tobacco cessation strategies could be made more cost effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is completed before any intervention.

Multiple Approaches and Participation Rate for a Community Based Smoking Cessation Intervention Trial in Rural Kerala, India

Jayakrishnan, Radhakrishnan,Mathew, Aleyamma,Uutela, Antti,Auvinen, Anssi,Sebastian, Paul Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5

Background: To illustrate multiple approaches and to assess participation rates adopted for a community based smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala. Materials and Methods: Resident males in the age group 18-60 years who were 'current daily smokers' from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala (2 intervention and 2 control groups) were selected. Smoking status was assessed through house-to-house survey using trained volunteers. Multiple approaches included awareness on tobacco hazards during baseline survey and distribution of multicolour anti-tobacco leaflets for intervention and control groups. Further, the intervention group received a tobacco cessation booklet and four sessions of counselling which included a one-time group counselling cum medical camp, followed by proactive counselling through face-to-face (FTF) interview and mobile phone. In the second and fourth session, motivational counselling was conducted. Results: Among 928 smokers identified, smokers in intervention and control groups numbered 474 (mean age: 44.6 years, SD: 9.66 years) and 454 respectively (44.5 years, SD: 10.30 years). Among the 474 subjects, 75 (16%) had attended the group counselling cum medical camp after completion of baseline survey in the intervention group, Among the remaining subjects (n=399), 88% were contacted through FTF and mobile phone (8.5%). In the second session (4-6 weeks time period), the response rate for individual counselling was 94% (78% through FTF and 16% through mobile phone). At 3 months, 70.4% were contacted by their mobile phone and further, 19.6% through FTF (total 90%) while at 6 months (fourth session), the response rate was 74% and 16.4% for FTF and mobile phone respectively, covering 90.4% of the total subjects. Overall, in the intervention group, 97.4% of subjects were being contacted at least once and individual counselling given. Conclusion: Proactive community centred intervention programmes using multiple approaches were found to be successful to increase the participation rate for intervention.

New Operational Paradigms Based on User Exchanges of Transportation Supply in a Shared-Connected-Autonomous Future

R. Jayakrishnan 대한교통학회 2018 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.79 No.-

미래의 이동성

남대식,자야크리스난(Jayakrishnan) 국토연구원 2018 국토 : planning and policy Vol.435 No.-

Modeling Framework to Analyze Effect of Multiple Traffic Information Service Providers on Traffic Network Performance

Yang, I.,Jayakrishnan, R. National Academy Press 2013 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Vol.2333 No.-

High Coverage Point-to-Point Transit: Hybrid Evolutionary Approach to Local Vehicle Routing

정재영,R. Jayakrishnan,남두희 대한토목학회 2015 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.19 No.6

High Coverage Point-to-Point Transit (HCPPT) is a new design of alternative transportation, which involves a sufficient number of deployed small vehicles in real-time response. This paper focuses on a hybrid evolutionary approach to improve the existing local vehicle routing algorithm of HCPPT. A hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed by utilizing an insertion heuristic method as a genetic operator. First, two genetic operation schemes, Random Feasible Position (RFP) and Best Feasible Position (BFP), are designed and tested on a simulation framework that we have developed recently. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of BFP in terms of system performance and computational efficiency. Next, we investigate a combined scheme that builds the initial BFP population based on an insertion heuristic. The second simulation reveals that the proposed initial population method provides considerably better solution qualities over the various problem constraints. The simulations in this study are performed with various demand levels based on SCAG (Southern California Association of Governments) transportation network and OCTA (Orange County Transportation Authority) trip demands.

Social Optimum Navigation with Incentives sCheme (SONIC) for Smart Urban Mobility

Daisik Nam,R. Jayakrishnan 대한교통학회 2017 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.76 No.-

이 연구는 주차 회전율의 영향요인을 다루고 있으며 연구의 목적은 공영주차장의 효율적 활용을 위하여 회전율을 기준으로 영향요인을 파악하는데 있다. 이를 위해 인천광역시 내 43개 공영주차의 한달~1년간의 회전율과 대중교통여건(보행권 내·외의 버스 및 지하철 거리와 노선수), 대상지 인근 불법 주·정차 대수, 주차규모, 토지이용특성, 급지 등의 조사 자료를 수집하여 통계 프로그램인 SPSS 20.0을 활용하여 다중회귀분석을 시행하였다. 주요 결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 공영주차장 이용실태를 고려하여 이용률, 회전율을 토대로 크게 네 가지 case 및 급지별, 토지이용별 특성 구분이 가능하였다. 둘째, 주차장의 영향권(보행권)을 고려한 대중교통편의지수 및 불법주·정차지수, 중심상업지역의 토지이용 특성이 주차 회전율과 높은 영향관계를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 주차대수(규모), 지하철이격거리, 버스정류장이격거리, 환승지역, 주거지역, 2급지 변수의 경우 회전율에 거의 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났는데 이는, 실제 공영주차장 입지 선정이 지하철 및 버스 정류장까지의 거리 등의 대중교통 여건과 상관없이 이루어지고 있는 현실을 반영한 것으로 판단되며, 상업지역을 제외한 환승, 주거지역 등의 주차 회전율은 장기주차에 의해 회전율에 영향을 미치지 못하고 있는 것으로 해석 가능하다. 넷째, 회전율의 영향요인을 종합적으로 고려시, 공영주차장 인근 대중교통 여건, 불법 주․정차 차량의 근절 및 공영주차장 이용 유도방안 등의 개선이 필요하며, 급지(요금)체계 결정이 토지이용현황을 고려하여 선정되고 있는 현실을 감안했을 때 주차 급지(요금)체계 결정 과정의 보완이 필요함을 시사한다.

Effects of User Equilibrium Assumptions on Network Traffic Pattern

김현명,오준석,R. Jayakrishnan 대한토목학회 2009 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.13 No.2

The user equilibrium concept in traffic assignment is based on fundamental assumptions: perfect information, rationality, and homogeneity. This study examines changes in the traffic pattern and the network behavior when these assumptions are relaxed. In order to relax these assumptions, we employ a day-to-day evolution approach and develop agent-based simulation models that include drivers’ learning model, preference model and preference sensitivity. Using the developed models, we investigate how each assumption affects network traffic patterns. The test results show that the assumption of perfect information is most influencing on the traffic assignment results. In addition, the prior information greatly affects on the route choice when drivers do not have perfect knowledge on network travel time. The user equilibrium concept in traffic assignment is based on fundamental assumptions: perfect information, rationality, and homogeneity. This study examines changes in the traffic pattern and the network behavior when these assumptions are relaxed. In order to relax these assumptions, we employ a day-to-day evolution approach and develop agent-based simulation models that include drivers’ learning model, preference model and preference sensitivity. Using the developed models, we investigate how each assumption affects network traffic patterns. The test results show that the assumption of perfect information is most influencing on the traffic assignment results. In addition, the prior information greatly affects on the route choice when drivers do not have perfect knowledge on network travel time.

Wollaston prism 과 PSD 기반의 회전 테이블 기하학적 오차 측정 시스템 개발

이광일(K. I. LEE),자야크리스난 수바라야루(S. JAYAKRISHNAN),양승한(S. H. YANG) 한국정밀공학회 2010 한국정밀공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.5월