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Lee, Yong-Seok,Choi, Sun-Lim,Lee, Seung-Hee,Kim, Hyoung,Park, Hyungju,Lee, Nuribalhae,Lee, Sue-Hyun,Chae, Yeon-Su,Jang, Deok-Jin,Kandel, Eric R,Kaang, Bong-Kiun National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.34
<P>Serotonin (5-HT) plays a critical role in modulating synaptic plasticity in the marine mollusc Aplysia and in the mammalian nervous system. In Aplysia sensory neurons, 5-HT can activate several signal cascades, including PKA and PKC, presumably via distinct types of G protein-coupled receptors. However, the molecular identities of these receptors have not yet been identified. We here report the cloning and functional characterization of a 5-HT receptor that is positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase in Aplysia neurons. The cloned receptor, 5-HT(apAC1), stimulates the production of cAMP in HEK293T cells and in Xenopus oocytes. Moreover, the knockdown of 5-HT(apAC1) expression by RNA interference blocked 5-HT-induced cAMP production in Aplysia sensory neurons and blocked synaptic facilitation in nondepressed or partially depressed sensory-to-motor neuron synapses. These data implicate 5-HT(apAC1) as a major modulator of learning related synaptic facilitation in the direct sensory to motor neuron pathway of the gill withdrawal reflex.</P>
Kim, Eunhye,Ahn, Hyungju,Park, Sungmin,Lee, Hoyeon,Lee, Moongyu,Lee, Sumi,Kim, Taewoo,Kwak, Eun-Ae,Lee, Jun Han,Lei, Xie,Huh, June,Bang, Joona,Lee, Byeongdu,Ryu, Du Yeol American Chemical Society 2013 ACS NANO Vol.7 No.3
<P>The directed assembly of block copolymer nanostructures with large periods exceeding 100 nm remains challenging because the translational ordering of long-chained block copolymer is hindered by its very low chain mobility. Using a solvent-vapor annealing process with a neutral solvent, which was sequentially combined with a thermal annealing process, we demonstrate the rapid evolution of a perpendicularly oriented lamellar morphology in high molecular weight block copolymer films on neutral substrate. The synergy with the topographically patterned substrate facilitated unidirectionally structural development of ultrahigh molecular weight block copolymer thin filmseven for the structures with a large period of 200 nmleading to perfectly guided, parallel, and highly ordered line-arrays of perpendicularly oriented lamellae in the trenched confinement. This breakthrough strategy, which is applicable to nanolithographic pattern transfer to target substrates, can be a simple and efficient route to satisfy the demand for block copolymer assemblies with larger feature sizes on hundreds of nanometers scale.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2013/ancac3.2013.7.issue-3/nn3051264/production/images/medium/nn-2012-051264_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn3051264'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Lee, Wonho,Kim, Jae-Han,Kim, Taesu,Kim, Seonha,Lee, Changyeon,Kim, Jin-Seong,Ahn, Hyungju,Kim, Taek-Soo,Kim, Bumjoon J. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.6 No.10
<P>In this study, we demonstrate that the introduction of small amounts of phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) into all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) increases the photovoltaic performance without compromising mechanical properties. Ternary blend polymer solar cells (ternary-PSCs) consisting of a polymer donor (PTB7-Th) and an acceptor mixture with different weight ratios of a polymeric acceptor (P(NDI2HD-T2)) and PC71BM demonstrate the effects of PC71BM loading on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical properties. A significant enhancement in the PCEs of ternary-PSCs, from 6.32% to 7.33%, is observed when PC71BM is added into the active layer as up to 30 wt% of the acceptor mixture. Importantly, the excellent mechanical properties (<I>i.e.</I>, crack onset strain = 11.6%, toughness = 2237 J m<SUP>−3</SUP>) of the blend films are well preserved at PC71BM loadings at or below 30 wt%. In contrast, both the PCE and the mechanical performance of the ternary-PSCs significantly decrease at higher PC71BM loadings (>50 wt%). Detailed morphological analysis<I>via</I>grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements reveals that PC71BM molecules are well-dispersed in the amorphous portion of the active layer at PC71BM loadings up to 30 wt%. Therefore, both the mechanical and photovoltaic performances of the ternary-PSCs correlate closely with their morphological behavior, particularly in terms of the mixing behavior of PC71BM with polymers. The well-dispersed PC71BM molecules in the amorphous polymer domains facilitate efficient exciton dissociation, whereas the formation of PC71BM aggregates above a critical concentration causes severe mechanical degradation of the ternary-PSCs due to the presence of weak interfaces between the brittle PC71BM and polymer domains. Therefore, the ternary blends with optimal content of polymer/fullerene acceptors represent important candidates for flexible and wearable solar cells that require both high mechanical and photovoltaic performances.</P>
Lee, Joon-Hyop,Suh, Yong Joon,Song, Ra-Yeong,Yi, Jin Wook,Yu, Hyeong Won,Kwon, Hyungju,Choi, June Young,Lee, Kyu Eun Williams & Wilkins Co 2017 Medicine Vol.96 No.22
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Background:</B></P><P>Clinical trials on bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) thyroidectomy show that levobupivacaine and ropivacaine significantly reduce postoperative pain, but they focused on BABA robotic thyroidectomy only and did not identify specific sites of significant pain relief. Our objective was to assess the pain reduction at various sites and safety of ropivacaine-epinephrine flap injection in BABA thyroidectomy.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>This prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in compliance with the revised CONSORT statement (ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT02112370). Patients were randomized into the ropivacaine-epinephrine arm or control (normal saline) arm.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>From January 2014 to May 2016, 148 patients participated. The primary endpoint was site-specific pain, as measured by numeric rating scale 12 hours after surgery. The ropivacaine-epinephrine group exhibited significantly less swallowing difficulty (<I>P</I> = .008), anterior neck pain (<I>P</I> = .016), and right (<I>P</I> = .019) and left (<I>P</I> = .035) chest pain. Secondary endpoints were systolic (<I>P</I> = .402), diastolic (<I>P</I> = .827) blood pressure, and pulse rate (<I>P</I> = .397) after injection before incision and during surgery. The vital signs of the groups just after injection did not differ. During surgery, the ropivacaine-epinephrine patients had higher pulse rates (99 ± 13.3 vs 88 ± 16.1, <I>P</I> < .001) but within normal range. There were no adverse events such as postoperative nausea and vomiting. There was no significant difference in pain scores in either patient group between patients who underwent robotic or endoscopic interventions.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>BABA flap-site injection with ropivacaine and epinephrine mix before incision effectively and safely reduced postoperative pain. Future studies should focus on tailoring ropivacaine and epinephrine dosage for individuals.</P>
Development Status of Permanent magnets for Vehicle Motor
Hyungju Lee 한국자기학회 2021 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.31 No.1
As demand for motors in vehicles has soared, the development of materials applied to motors is also actively underway. Among them, the development of permanent magnets, which play the most important role in motor driving, is also actively underway. Permanent magnets in motors are materials that are directly related to the determination of motor performance/weight/size/cost, and require high performance/high efficiency/low cost. In this presentation, I will introduce the types and characteristics of permanent magnets being applied to automotive motors, as well as discuss future development directions.
Lee, Donghui,Jung, Yunji,Ha, Myeongjin,Ahn, Hyungju,Lee, Keun Hyung,Seo, Myungeun The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Journal of Materials Chemistry C Vol.7 No.23
<P>We report self-assembly of a statistical copolymer poly(styrene-<I>co</I>-methyl methacrylate) (P(S-<I>co</I>-MMA)) containing ionic liquid (IL)-philic methyl methacrylate (MMA) and IL-phobic styrene (S) repeating units in IL for fabrication of electrolyte-gated organic transistors. P(S-<I>co</I>-MMA)s with high MMA contents were synthesized by copolymerization of styrene and MMA <I>via</I> a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, and their behavior in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]) was investigated. While dynamic light scattering analysis showed formation of a micellar solution at low concentration, the elastic modulus of the viscoelastic solution increased significantly more than the loss modulus at high concentration. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis suggested ill-defined phase separation between PS-rich segments and PS-lean segments swollen in [EMI][TFSI]. The resulting P(S-<I>co</I>-MMA)/[EMI][TFSI] mixture exhibited increased ionic conductivity compared to the PS-<I>b</I>-PMMA-<I>b</I>-PS block polymer gel, as well as superior device performance in transistor gating experiments.</P>
Various Phase Behaviors of Weakly Interacting Binary Block Copolymer Blends
Ahn, Hyungju,Lee, Yonghoon,Lee, Hoyeon,Han, Young Soo,Seong, Baek Seok,Ryu, Du Yeol American Chemical Society 2013 Macromolecules Vol.46 No.11
<P>We investigated the phase behaviors of block copolymer (BCP) blends composed of the weakly interacting (with no specific interaction) polystyrene-<I>b</I>-poly(<I>n</I>-butyl methacrylate) (PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>BMA) and polystyrene-<I>b</I>-poly(<I>n</I>-hexyl methacrylate) (PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>HMA), using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and depolarized light scattering (DPLS). A miscible phase between the P<I>n</I>BMA and P<I>n</I>HMA blocks in the BCP blends allows the various composition-dependent phase behaviors, which display a lower disorder-to-order transition (LDOT) to an order-to-disorder transition (ODT) on heating as the blend composition varies from PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>BMA to PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>HMA. In between these two extremes, intriguingly, the miscible PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>BMA/PS-<I>b</I>-P<I>n</I>HMA blends display a closed-loop phase transition consisting of a LDOT and an upper order-to-disorder transition (UODT).</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2013/mamobx.2013.46.issue-11/ma302514s/production/images/medium/ma-2012-02514s_0009.gif'></P>