Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul

Jo, Hyun-Kil,Kim, Jin-Young,Park, Hye-Mi Elsevier 2019 Urban forestry & urban greening Vol.41 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study quantified carbon storage and uptake for urban parks in Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea. A total of 38 study parks were selected using a systematic random sampling method and all the trees in the parks were field-inventoried. Carbon storage and uptake by the park trees were estimated applying a quantitative model for urban open-grown trees of each species. Mean carbon storage per unit of park area, basal area, and crown cover by the trees was 38.5 ± 3.0 t/ha, 27.3 ± 0.8 kg/100 cm<SUP>2</SUP>, and 7.4 ± 0.4 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively. Annual carbon uptake per unit area and cover by the trees averaged 3.5 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr, 2.5 ± 0.1 kg/100 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/yr, and 0.7 ± 0.0 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>/yr, respectively. The major determinants of the levels of carbon storage and uptake were species, density, sizes, and layering structures of the planted trees. The trees across all urban parks in Seoul were estimated to store 222.3 kt of carbon and to annually sequester 20.2 kt of carbon. The trees in these parks played an important role in annually offsetting carbon emissions from gasoline consumption by approximately 2.3% of the total population of the city. The economic value of the annual carbon uptake, which was $7.1million/yr, equaled 15.1% of the annual maintenance budget of the parks in the city. However, the role of study parks as a source of carbon uptake was limited due to the distribution of large grass and impervious areas, the single-layered structures, and the dominance of small trees. Planning strategies were explored to enhance carbon reduction effects of the parks. They included the expansion of tree planting spaces through the minimization of unnecessary grass and paving areas, the active tree planting in the potential planting spaces, the multi-layered planting grouped with larger trees, and the planting of tree species having satisfactory growth rates. This study puts an emphasis on finding out the present carbon offset levels of urban parks on which information is limited and suggesting a future direction of park planning based on a detailed actual survey.</P>

국소성 분절성 사구체 경화증의 완전 관해 후 발병한 IgA 신병증 1예

임현민,김현정,박민석,주혜원,최원,김상현,박원도 인제대학교 2006 仁濟醫學 Vol.27 No.-

We report a rare case of primary glomerular disease with IgA nephropathy in a 43-year old man. 7-years ago, he was diagnosed with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. After treatment with steroid for 1-year, azotemia and proteinuria were improved. But, nephrotic range proteinuria was relapsed within 1 week after cessation of steroid. Renal biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and achived a complete remission with the use of steroids and cyclophosphamide. Then, he was followed up with normal renal function for 4-years. On admission, the patient showed generalized edema and marked proteinuria. In 3rd renal biopsy, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with diffuse global sclerosis was observed. Electron microscopy showed electron-dense deposit on the mesangium with slight mesangial proliferation, and immunofluoroscence microscopy showed granular deposits of IgA and IgM. These features were consistent with IgA nephropathy, different from results of previous biopsies. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy occurred with primary FSGS is not clear, as well as treatment. Now, proteinuria is improving, steroid and cyclophosphamide are probably useful for the disease.

축구선수의 Detraining과 Retraining이 혈청지질 및 호르몬농도에 미치는 영향

정정화,박재현,채종훈,성혜련,황지인,윤미숙,노금선,윤종관,윤영학,노순덕,정경숙,박일규,김은희,박현태,박상갑 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of detraining and retraining on serum lipid and hormones in soccer players. Subjects were seven male high-school soccer players. V˙O_2max was determined for each subjects by administering a treadmill test(initial speed: 90m/min, grade: 5%, increasing speed per 3 min: 30m/min). Serum lipid(T-C, TG, HDL-C LDL-C) and hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormones, cortisol) were assayed pre and post detraining in 10, 20, 30 days after retraining. The repeated ANOVA was used to determine significant differences. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of the study were as follows: 1. V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3576.3±204.2ml/min pre detraining, 3234.1±198.9 ml/min post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3601.4±170.9 ml/min. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 2. V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were significantly(p<.05) decreased from 62.3±2.9 ml/kg/min to 55.9±4.7 ml/kg/min in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were 62.4±3.4ml/kg/min, 62.7±2.3ml.kg/min, 67.3±7.2ml/kg/min respectively. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 3. T-C were significantly (p<.05) increased from 166.6±8.5mg/dl to 175.3±10.3 mg/dl in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, T-C were 160.1± 3.2mg/dl, 156.7±3.7mg/dl, 140.3±9.0mg/dl. There were significantly(p<.05) decreased in retraining periods. 4. HDL-C were 61.4±6.6mg/di pre detraining, 5.3±6.6mg/dl post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, HDL-C were 56.9±7.1mg/dl, 56.4±9.2mg/dl, 57.7±9.1mg/dl respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. 5. The hormones(epinephrine. norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) were changed as same patterns. Epinephrine were 26.0±7.0[g/ml pre detraining, 24.6±3.2pg/ml post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, epinephrine were 26.9±5.6pg/ml, 30.6±6.2pg/ml, 29.4±5.6pg/ml respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. In conclusion, HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were decreased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were increased in detraining. But HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were increased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were decreased in retraining.

수학 기피요인의 설정 및 기피성향의 분석도구 개발

김영국,박기양,박규홍,박혜숙,박윤범,유현주,권오한,이선아 西原大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2003 基礎科學硏究論叢 Vol.17 No.-

To lessen the ratio of under achievers is one of the most urgent task which recent school mathematics education is confronted with. To cope with this problem efficiently, math. teachers should know more specifically and concretely the causes that make the students dislike mathematics. But actually, there are too many reasons for these situations. So, in this paper, we tried to devise a tool to analyze and measure each student's math. disliking status. We proceeded this research via the following procedures. 1. Grasping the causes which make the students dislike mathematics as specifically as possible. To obtain this, we asked more than 300 of secondary school students to write down their thoughts about school mathematics. 2. Analyzing the responses, we abstracted 74 numbers of items which were supposed to be the causes for secondary school students' mathematics disliking. 3. With these items we made a test to measure students' aptitude for each item. 4. With this test paper, we tested over 800 of secondary school students. Through factor analysis and theoretical argument, we categorized the 74 items into 11 groups whose names were defined as factors of mathematics disliking. 5. For each of these 11 factors, we developed a norm which could serve as standard of comparison in measuring each student's mathematics disliking status. Using this tool teachers were able to describe each student's traits of mathematics disliking more specifically.

한의진단명과 진단요건의 표준화 연구 II (표준화 실례) : 2차년도 연구결과 중간 보고

양기상,최선미,최승훈,안규석,박경모,박종현,김성우,신승호,정우열,전병훈,고현,김정범,신상우,김성훈,김동희,권영규,엄현섭,장혜옥 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the second year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows; - differential diagnosis according to condition of body fluid, differentiation of syndromes according to the state of qi and blood, differential diagnosis according to relative excessiveness or deficiency of yin and yang(氣血陰陽津液辨證) - differentiation of diseases according to pathological changes of the viscera and their interrelation - analyzing and differentiating of febrile diseases in accordance with the theory of the six channels(傷寒辨證) The individual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name(異名), notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs(辨證指標), the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern(證候分析), discrimination of diagnosis pattern(證候鑑別), a way of curing a diseases(治法), prescription(處方), herb in common use(常用藥物), diseases appearing the diagnosis pattern(常見疾病), documents(文獻調査). This study was carried out on the basis of the Chinese documents and references.

대학생을 위한 리더십향상 집단상담 구안 및 효과 연구

박현주,김민정,임진,엄혜련 西江大學校 學生生活相談硏究所 2005 人間理解 Vol.26 No.-

현대사회에서의 리더십은 크게 셀프리더십, 팔로워십, 능력부여리더십, 서번트리더십으로 분류될 수 있다. 한국의 대학생은 향후 인생의 목표를 설정하고 계획하여 추진하고 더불어 공동체의 일원으로 서로 교류하고 성장 한다는 발달적 과제를 가지고 있다. 따라서 대학생의 리더십은 셀프리더십을 바탕으로 한 자기관리, 대인관계 관리, 공동체 참여로 구성된다. 본 연구에서는 대학생의 리더십을 향상시키기 위한 집단상담을 구안하였으며 구조화된 대학생 리더십향상 집단상담을 2005년 1월에 실시하였다. 참여한 총 10명의 집단원들을 대상으로 집단상담 전 후에 각 구성요소를 측정하는 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 아니었으나 자기관리, 대인관계관리, 공동체참여 각 영역 모두에서 향상된 양상을 보였다. 또한 집단원들의 회기별 피드백을 토대로 본 프로그램의 효과를 검증하였으며 본 프로그램의 보다 효과적인 적용을 위한 논의를 덧붙였다. Leadership, nowadays, can be classified into four different kinds: self-leadership, followership, empowering-leadership, and servant leadership. Korean university students have developmental tasks as members of group such as setting a life goal, making a plan, making an action, associating with others, and being advanced. Therefore, the elements of leadership program for university students based on self-leadership are self management, interpersonal relationship management, and participating in a group. In this study, a structured program for developing leadership of university students was designed, and operated on Jan, 2005. Surveys which measured each elements of the program were given to ten students who were participated in a group before and after the program. A statistical result was not significant. However, each elements, self management, interpersonal relationship management, and participating in a group, showed a progress. Session reviews by students were also used to verify the effect of the program. Further suggestions and studies for more effective application of the program were discussed.

여름철에 스타킹과 양말 착용시의 생리적 반응 및 착용감

박은실,류현혜,성수광 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1997 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.1

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data for designing the physiologically comfortable stocking. The study investigated physiological responses and wearing sensation of healty female adults in twenties in wearing support type stocking and socks according to ambient temperature and humidity in summer. The various factors, such as rectal temperature, skin temperature, body weight loss, blood pressure pulse rate, wearing sensation were statistically analyzed according to the warm temperature ambient condition and ensemble of clothes. The results were as follows : 1. Mean skin temperature showed significant differences with ambient temperature and clothes. In the low humidity and temperature, mean skin temperature was highest in support stocking in order high supporting stocking 〉socks. In the high humidity and temperature, no significant difference on ensemble of clothes was indicated at the end of exercise. 2. Under the certain ambient humidity, mean skin temperature increased in proportion to the increasa of ambient temperature in all ensemble of clothes under the certain ambient temperature, 70% RH higher mean skin temperature was indicated without relation to ensemble of clothes in high temperature. 3. Maximum blood pressure showed significant differences with the increase or decrease of ambient temperature. But, minimum blood pressure increased according to the decreased of ambient temperature. Pluse rate increased in proportion to the increase of ambient temperature during exercise. 4. Comfort showed 0.1% of significant differences with ambient temperature, clothes and time. Phychological responces showed 'very hot' 'very uncomfortable' as exercise and ambient temperature op up. Under the high humidity and temperature, high humudaty and temperature, high support stocking was most comfortable.

MATLAB를 이용한 실시간 피치분석기 피치분석기 구현

박일서,안혜영,김대현,조철우 國立 昌原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2002 産技硏論文集 Vol.16 No.-

This paper describes procedures to implement a real-time pitch analyzer using Matlab. Matlab is a multi-purpose signal-processing tool. Using this tool real-time analysis tool is implemented. To make it real-time we used data acquisition toolbox which comes with Matlab. Autocorrelation method was used as a basic algorithm. The resulting pitch informations are displayed in two different forms, i.e. instantaneous pitch plot and pitch track. V/UV decision is performed using zero crossing rate and energy informations based on 500 utterances.

Effect of Graphene on Growth of Neuroblastoma Cells

( Park,Hye Bin ),( Hyo Geun Nam ),( Hong Gi Oh ),( Jung Hyun Kim ),( Chang Man Kim ),( Kwang Soup Song ),( Kwang Hwan Jhee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.2

The unique properties of graphene have earned much interest in the fields of materials science and condensedmatter physics in recent years. However, the biological applications of graphene remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the conditions and viability of a cell culture exposed to graphene onto glass and SiO2/Si, using a human nerve cell line, SH-SY5Y. Cell viability was 84% when cultured on glass and SiO2/Si coated with graphene as compared with culturing on polystyrene surface. Fluorescence data showed that the presence of graphene did not influence cell morphology. These findings suggest that graphene may be used for biological applications.

약물 유해반응 보고지침 -임상시험의 안전성에 관한 정보 관리지침 -

지동현,김훈교,배진우,손동렬,김인범,전용관,박혜연 大韓臨床藥理學會 1998 臨床藥理學會誌 Vol.6 No.2