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FOREIGN AID FLOWS AND REAL EXCHANGE RATE : EVIDENCE FROM SYRIA
H.Issa,B.Ouattara 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2008 Journal of Economic Development Vol.33 No.1
This paper uses time series data from Syria for the period 1965 to 1997 to test the aid and “Dutch disease” hypothesis. We employ the relatively new approach to cointegration, known as the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. We find no support for this hypothesis neither in the long run nor in the short run. On the contrary, our results indicate that foreign aid flows are associated with depreciation of the real exchange rate. The main policy implication, based on the long run results, is that Syria can continue to receive aid without fears of impairing its export competitiveness.
Optical stimulation of cardiac cells with a polymer-supported silicon nanowire matrix
Parameswaran, Ramya,Koehler, Kelliann,Rotenberg, Menahem Y.,Burke, Michael J.,Kim, Jungkil,Jeong, Kwang-Yong,Hissa, Barbara,Paul, Michael D.,Moreno, Kiela,Sarma, Nivedina,Hayes, Thomas,Sudzilovsky, Ed National Academy of Sciences 2019 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.116 No.2
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Cardiac conduction disorders are potentially fatal illnesses caused by abnormalities in the heart’s electrical conduction system. Current treatments for these disorders, such as pacemakers, are effective but are bulky, rigid, and invasive. Here we develop a method to optically modulate cardiac beating frequency in primary cultured cardiomyocytes and adult rat hearts ex vivo, to a specified target frequency. Specifically, we use a low-irradiance moving laser stimulus and a biocompatible polymer–silicon nanowire composite material to achieve this modulation. This work has implications for future bioelectric studies of the cardiac conduction system as well as therapeutics for cardiac conduction disorders in the clinic.</P><P>Electronic pacemakers can treat electrical conduction disorders in hearts; however, they are invasive, bulky, and linked to increased incidence of infection at the tissue–device interface. Thus, researchers have looked to other more biocompatible methods for cardiac pacing or resynchronization, such as femtosecond infrared light pulsing, optogenetics, and polymer-based cardiac patches integrated with metal electrodes. Here we develop a biocompatible nongenetic approach for the optical modulation of cardiac cells and tissues. We demonstrate that a polymer–silicon nanowire composite mesh can be used to convert fast moving, low-radiance optical inputs into stimulatory signals in target cardiac cells. Our method allows for the stimulation of the cultured cardiomyocytes or ex vivo heart to beat at a higher target frequency.</P>