증폭(蒸曝)에 의한 지황(地黃)의 성분 변화에 대한 고찰

정재우 ( Jae Woo Jung ),김한영 ( Han Young Kim ),류지효 ( Ji Hyo Lyu ),김정훈 ( Jung-hoon Kim ) 대한본초학회 2021 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.36 No.6

Objectives : ‘Steaming and drying’ is a traditional processing method that has been used to produce Suk-ji-hwang (熟地黃; Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) from Ji-hwang (地黃, the fresh root of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz ex Steudel; Rehmanniae Radix). The steaming and drying process, which is proceeded in heating and moisturizing conditions, plays a crucial role in the change of therapeutic effect of Ji-hwang, presumably due to the modification of its chemical constituents. In this article, the chemical influence of the ‘Steaming and drying’ process was investigated for understanding the underlying mechanism of chemical modification of Ji-hwang. Methods : The articles regarding the modifications of chemical constituents of Ji-hwang during the ‘Steaming and drying’ process were collected and analyzed to investigate the influence of the processing to Ji-hwang. Results : The results indicated that iridoid glycosides were degraded to their aglycones and sugars, and such degradations occurred faster at a high pressure than at an atmospheric pressure during the process. The contents of catalpol, ajugol, and acteoside were decreased, while those of rehmannioside A and D were slightly increased during the repeated processing. The contents of oligosaccharides, namely sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and stachyose (except for manninotriose), were decreased, while those of monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, were increased by the repeated processing. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that the ‘Steaming and drying’ process influenced the chemical constituents of Ji-hwang and provide probable basis for the therapeutic modification of Suk-ji-hwang after the processing of Ji-hwang.

우울 증상을 수반한 만성 정신분열병 입원환자에서의 Paroxetine 효과 : 이중맹검 위약대조 연구

한평주,백영석,오상우,전현태,김지영 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.4

연구목적: 우울 증상이 있는 만성 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 항정신병약물과 항우울제인 paroxetine 20mg을 병합 투여하여 우울 증상, 양성 증상, 음성 증상 및 일반적인 정신병리의 호전 여부를 밝히고자 하였다. 방법: DSM-IV 기준상 정신분열병으로 진단된 입원환자 중 우울 증상이 있는 49명을 대상으로 parox-etine과 위약을 이중맹검을 대조한 전향적 임상 연구로서 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), UKU side effect rating scale(UKU), Clinical Global Impression(CGI)을 기저선과 1주, 2주, 4주, 6주의 시점에서 다섯 번 반복 측정하여 비교 검토하였다. 결과: 36명의 환자가 6주간의 실험을 마쳤다. Paroxetine군과 위약군을 비교해볼 때 HRSD 총점은 양군에서 의미있게 감소되어(p<.01) 우울 증상이 호전되었으나, 두 군간에 통계적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 시간경과에 따라 항우울 효과는 paroxetine 군에서는 2주, 위약군에서는 4주 후부터 관찰되었다. 그리고 paroxetine군과 위약군 모두 PANSS 총점(p<.01)과 CGI 점수(p<.05)가 감소되어 전반적인 정신병리의 감소와 전체적인 임상적 호전을 보였으나, 두 군에서 양성 증상, 음성 증상, 일반적인 정신병리 그리고 약물 부작용은 유의미한 차이가 없었다. Paroxetine군에서 반응군고 비반응군으로 나누어 비교했을 때, 반응군이 비반응군보다 HRSD의 총점(p<.01)과 우울한 기분, 자살, 정신적 불안, 죄채감의 세부 항목에서 유의한 호전을 보였고(p</01),일과 활동, 초기 불면증, 건강염려증의 세부 항목이 호전되어(p<.05) 현저한 우울 증상의 호전을 보였다. 또한 반응군이 비반응군보다 BPRS 총점(p</01)과 PANSS의 일반적인 정신병리 점수(p<.05)가 낮게 나와, 일반 정신병리의 호전을 보였다. 결론: Paroxetine군과 위약군 모두에서 우울 증상의 감소가 있었지만, paroxetine군에서 항우울 효과가 빠르게 나타났다. 두 군간에 양성 증상, 음성 증상, 일반적인 정신병리와 부작용에 대한 차이는 없었다. Paroxetine군에서 반응군은 비반응군보다 우을 증상과 일반적인 정신병리에서 유의한 호전을 보였다. 즉 우울한 기분, 자살, 정신적 불안, 죄책감, 일과 활동, 초기 불면증, 건강염려증이 심한 정신분열병 환자에게 우울 증상을 회복시키는데 paroxetine 20mg의 병용 투여가 효과가 있었다. Objectives: This double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted to demonstrate the improvement of depressive, positive and negative symptoms, and general psychopatholgy in depressed chronic schizophrenic inpatients with adjunctive paroxetine 20mg therapy in the morning. Methods: Forty nine chronic schizophrenic inpatients with depressive symptoms were randomly received adjunctive paroxetine of placebo for 6 week study period. Therapeutic effect and side dffects were evaluated by means of the Hamiltom Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD),The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), the UKU side effect rating scale(UKU), and the Clinical Global Impression(CGI) at baseline, first, second, forth, and sixth week of treatment in a controlled double-blind design. Results: 18 patients completed six weeks of paroxetine therapy, and 18 patients placebo therapy. 1) Comparison between paroxetine and placebo groups: (1) HRSD total scores in both groups were significantly decreased(p<.01) but there was no statistically significant difference between 2 groups. This study showed that significant effect in paroxetine group appeared at 2nd week of treatment(p<.01), while in placebo group at 4th week of treatment(p<.01). (2) PANSS, BPRS< CGI, ESRS, and UKU : In both groups, PANSS total scores and CGI scores were significantly decreased respectively(p<.01, p<.05) and thus indicated th im-provement of global psychopathology and entire effects. There were no significant differences between 2 groups in positive, negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and drug side effects. 2) Comparison between responding and nonresponding groups in paroxetine adjunctive therapy : (1) Compared with nonresponding group, responding group had significant decrease in HRSD total score(p<.01), in HRSD subitems such as depressed mood, suicide, psychic anxiety, and feelings of guilt(p<.01), and in other subitems such as work and activity, early insomnia, and hypochondriasis(p<.05). (2) Compared with nonresponding group, responding group had significantly decrease in BPRS total score(p<.01) and in general subscale of PANSS(p<.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that both paroxetine and placebo groups were improved in depressive symptoms, but paroxetine group had more rapid improvement than placebo group. There were no significant differences in positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and drug side effects between two groups. Compared with nonresponding group in paroxetine adjunctive therapy, responding group had significant improvement in depressive symptoms and general psychopathology.

배양 사구체 내피세포의 고포도당유발 유전자 분석

우지수,한동철 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

Background : Actin disassembly is one of the main pathogenic phenomena in diabetic nephropathy. Small GTPases, related with actin cytoskeleton, may have a pathogenic role in high glucose (HG) induced renal injury. Methods : HG-stimulated gene profiling in cultured human glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) was examined by using oligonucleotide microarray technique. Human GEC were isolated from normal part of nephrectomy specimen and cultured under normal glucose (5.6 mM) or HG (30 mM) for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Total RNA was purified from the cell and then applied on 10 K-DNA chip (Macrogen) after amplified with T7 RNA polymerase. Results : About 2,400 genes showed 2-fold difference by HG. Approximately, 300 out of 2,400 genes were down-regulated and about 460 genes were up-regulated continuously by HG. Rho GTPase-related molecules and actin cytoskeleton regulatory gene expressions were highly regulated. Rho7, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 and 3, and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor were significantly up-regulated by HG without alteration of Rho GTPase activation protein 5, suggesting increased activity of Rho GTPase. In addition, myosin light chain 2 and 3, and p21-activated kinase, possibly related with actin-myosin interaction, were also significantly up-regulated by HG. Western blot revealed HG induced increase of CDC42 protein expression, not RhoA and Rac1 in total cell lysates of GEC. Conclusion : Enhanced gene profile encoding Rho GTPase and actin cytoskeleton is one of prominent components of the GEC transcriptomic response under HG.

대량의 각혈로 사망한 장티푸스 1예

한상우,유진홍,권순석,김성훈,박지찬,홍은정,최경성,박용완,장준희,안지원,박유경,강지영,박상미,신완식 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.5

We experienced a 25 year-old male patient with typhoid fever complicated with massive hemoptysis. Pulmonary complication in typhoid fever is very rare and to our knowledge, there has been no report of hemoptysis as a main cause of death with this disease. We herein report a rare case of typhoid fever.

태권도 선수들의 운동 만족이 정신건강 및 생활 만족에 미치는 영향

한권상,손창남,임상호,류경희,장지현,김태우 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.4

The purpose of this study is to determine how a Taekwondo player's athletic satisfaction affects his/her psychological health and overall personal happiness. A questionnaire survey was carried out on a sample group of 200 students attending colleges located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Then, 23 questionaries deemed not trustworthy were eliminated, leaving 178 questionaries for analysis. The questionnaire, which contained total 128 questions, showed the confidence level falling between .5241 and .8945 (Cronbach's alpha). The study, which relied on frequency analysis, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Scheffe test, produced the following results. First, athletic satisfaction showed a statistically significant difference (5% range) depending on sex, school year or athletic experience. Second, psychological health resulted in a statistically significant difference (5% range) depending on sex or athletic experience while no difference was noticed regarding school year. Third, happiness in life showed a statistically significant difference (5% range) depending on sex or school year while no difference was noticed with regard to athletic experience.

도시 쉼터 노숙자의 정신장애 유병율과 삶의 질

한오수,홍진표,하지혜,이철,김창윤,이동우,박종익 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.5

연구목적 : 외환위기 이후에 급증한 노숙자 문제는 경제적인 상황의 호전에도 불구하고 만성화하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 쉼터의 노숙자를 대상으로 정신질환의 유병율과 삶의 질에 대한 조사를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 3월에 서울의 대표적인 쉼터에 거주하는 노숙자220명을 대상으로 인구학적 자료에 대한 설문조사를 한 뒤 Structured Clinical for DSM-Ⅳ(SCID-I)을 이용하여 AxisⅠ의 주요 정신질환을 진단하였다. 또 SmithKline Beecham Quality of Life Scale(SBQOL)를 사용하여 삶의 질정도를 평가하였다. 결 과 : DSM-Ⅳ AxisⅠ의 정신질환 중 기분장애, 정신병적 장애, 물질 사용 장애에 대한 진단 평가 결과 상기정신질환의 전체 평생 유병율은 73.6%, 현재 유병율은 59.1%이었다. 알코올 의존과 남용의 평생 유병율은 59.5%로 가장 높았고, 기분장애와 장애가 각각 39.5%, 3.6%이었다. 삶의 질은 노숙의 기간이나 실직 기간과 유의한 관계가 없었고, 자신이 지각한 건강상태, 자살과거력, 우울장애 유무와 통계적으로 유의하게 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.01). 결 론 : 노숙자에서 정신질환 중 알코올 장애의 유병율이 가장 높았으며, 우울장애가 있는 경우에 삶의 질이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives : Homeless people surged after financial crisis tend to be chronic despite late economic recovery. So we tried to estimate prevalence of mental illness and quality of life of the homeless population living in shelter. Method : The study subjects were 220 homeless peoples who stayed at a shelter in Seoul around March 2000. Questionnaires on sociodemographic data were administered to the subjects, and then diagnoses of major DSM-Ⅳ Axis I mental disorders were made using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis I Disorders(SCID). And quality of life(QOL) was evaluated by SmithKline Beecham Quality of Life(SBQOL). Results : The lifetime prevalence of major DSM-Ⅳ mental disorders(mood disorders, psychotic disorder, and substance use disorder) of 220 homeless people was 73.6%, and current prevalence was 59.1%. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence and abuse was highest, 59.5% and those of mood disorder and psychotic disorder were 39.5%, 3.6% respectively. Quality of life was not significantly correlated with duration of homelessness and unemploy-ment but marital status, self perceive health status, suicidal attempt history were significant factors. The quality of life in the people with mood disorders were estimated to be lower than those with any other diseases(p<0.01). Conclusion : Alcoholism was the most prevalent mental disorder in homeless people and mood disorder was negatively related to the quality of life scale.

노치재의 균열닫힘현상과 피로균열성장거동에 관한 연구

우홍식,한지원 東國大學校 1993 東國論叢 Vol.32 No.-

Crack length and closure are monitored simultaneously and countinuously in terms of the testing by a PC-aided unloading elastic compliance technique. The relation between the crack opening stress intensity factor and crack length is determined from the experimental results. The crack opening stress intensity factor of short cracks, K_op, can be predicted from the crack opening stress intensity factor of near threshold of long crack, K_op.L. The growth rate of short cracks at notch root can be predicted from the crack opening stress intensity factor of short cracks, K_op, and the growth equation of long cracks in region Ⅱ.

D8S210 유전자 과변이부위의 클로닝과 한국인에서 집단유전학적 분석을 통한 법의학적 활용성에 관한 연구

한지수,한길로,염범우,황적준 大韓法醫學會 1997 대한법의학회지 Vol.21 No.2

A multi-locus probe. called pHK-450. detecting multiple variable DNA fragments, was constructed by cloning of the 450 bp fragments into pCR?? vector, which could be obtained from amplification of the variable region of the D8S210 locus of human genome with a primer set of UF1. UR1, and UR2. The sequence data shows that the variable region is entirely G-C rich on one strand consisting of tetranucleotide repeat unit (GGAA)n at both margins and internally diversed regions with simple irregular repeat units of GGAA, GGAG, or GGGAA. The genetic complexixty of the resulting individual-specific DNA patterns was investigated by studying a Korean pedigree(both parents and 10 children). HaeIII and HinfI-generated DNA fragments are inherited to their children in a Mendelian manner with segregation ratio of 1:1.05 and 1:1.14. respectively. In the HinfI-digested genomic DNAs, the segregation of up to 25 variable DNA fragments from both parents could be analysed in a single sibship. Most of these variable DNA fragments detected by pHK-450 probe are not paired as allele, which suggests that they may be derived from 23 heterozygous loci. In the HaeIII-digested genomic DNA, 26 variable DNA fragments are segregated from both parents to 10 children. Excluding one allelic and three linked DNA fragments, 22 out of 26 scored DNA fragments may be derived from 23 hetrozygous loci. To determine the variability of DNA fragments, DNA samples from 113 unrelated Korean were digested with HinfI and hybridized using pHK-450 probe. Pairwise comparisons of individual variable DNA fragments show that the polymorphic patterns were highly specific to an individual. The mean probaility(X) that fragments in A individual is present in B individual is 0.0337. From the degree of maxiaml sharing, band approximate estimates of mean allele frequency and homozygosity is calculated being 0.187 and the mean heterozygossity is 89.69%. For pHK-450 probe, the probability that all 10 resolved DNA fragments in the 5-30 kb size range in an individual A are also present in a second unrelated individual B is (0.337)?? or 7.1 X 10??

하악골 충격시 안면 두개골의 응력분산양상에 미치는 구강보호장치의 역할에 관한 유한요소법적 연구

김일한,노관태,노현식,김지연,우이형,Kung-Rock Kwon,최대균 대한치과보철학회 2012 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.50 No.1

연구 목적: 이 연구의 목적은 하악골 충격 시 안면 두개골의 응력 분산양상에 미치는 구강보호장치의 효과에 대해 조사하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법:: 구강보호장치를 제작하고 사람의 머리부위와 치열의 3차원적 유한요소 모델을 컴퓨터 토모그래피를 사용하여 제작하였다. 머리부위의 finite element model은 356,092요소와, 87,099절점으로 이루어져 있다. 그리고 skull과 maxillae, mandible, articular disc, teeth, 그리고 구강보호장치로 구성되었다. 경부의 움직임을 묘사하기 위하여 스프링이 사용되었다. 하악골의 충격점은 gnathion, center of inferior border 와 anterior edge of gonial angle이었다. 충격방향은 수직, 경사방향(45 도), 그리고 수평이다. 충격량은 0.1초당 800 N이었다. 결과: 수직충격을 가한 경우에는 구강보호장치의 장착여부와 무관하게 비슷한 응력과 분산양상이 나타났다(P>.05). 경사충격(45 도)을 가한 경우 구강보호장치를 장착한 모델에서는 응력이 치아와 안면골 및 두개골로 넓게 분산되었으나 이에 비하여 장착하지 않은 모델에서는 치아에 응력이 집중되었다(P<.05). 수평충격을 가한 경우 구강보호 장치를 장착한 모델에서는 응력이 치아와 안면골 및 두개골로 넓게 분산되었으나 이에 비하여 장착하지 않은 모델에서는 치아에 응력이 집중되었다(P<.05). 구강보호장치를 장착하지 않은 모델에서는 상악 치아에 응력이 집중되는 반면, 장착한 모델에서는 모든 충격실험에서 계측된 응력이 매우 낮았으며, 전달된 응력이 상악 치아와 안면골 및 두개골로 넓게 분산되었다. 결론: 구강보호장치는 외부충격 시에 하악에 수직으로 가해지는 충격에는 완충효과가 적었고, 45 도 경사 충격과 수평 충격에는 발생하는 응력을 안면골과 두개골의 넓은 범위로 분산시키고 응력을 감소시켜 응력의 완충 효과가 있었다. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mouthguard on stress distribution under mandibular impact. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The FEM model of head consisted of skull, maxilla, mandible, articular disc, teeth, and mouthguard. The impact locations on mandible were gnathion, the center of inferior border, and the anterior edge of gonial angle. And the impact directions were vertical, oblique (45 degrees), and horizontal. The impact load was 800 N for 0.1 sec. RESULTS. When vertical impact was applied, the similar stress and the distribution pattern was occurred without the relation of the mouthguard use (P>.05). The model with mouthguard was dispersed the stress to the teeth, the facial bone and the skull when the oblique (45 degrees) impacts were happened. However, the stress was centralized on the teeth in the model without mouthguard (P<.05). The model with mouthguard was dispersed the stress to the teeth, the facial bone and the skull when the horizontal impacts was occurred. However, the stress was centralized on the teeth without mouthguard (P<.05). For all impact loads, stress concentrated on maxillary anterior teeth in model without mouthguard, on the contrary, the stress was low in the model with mouthguard and distributed broadly on maxillary anterior teeth, facial bone, and skull. CONCLUSION. The mouthguard was less effective at shock absorbing when vertical impact was added. However, it was approved that mouthguard absorbed the shock regarded to the oblique (45 degrees) and horizontal impact by dispersing the shock to the broader areas and decreasing the stress.

기포탑에서 고정화 포도당산화효소 반응 특성

한지혜,이현철,정봉우 전북대학교 공학연구원 ( 구 전북대학교 공업기술연구소 ) 2003 工學硏究 Vol.34 No.-

Gluconic acid has been used as a food additive because of its juicy taste and biologically active properties. In this study, gluconic acid was produced from glucose using immobilized glucose oxidase. The effect of aeration rate on glucose oxidation in a bubble column at 30℃ were investigated, and the glucose consumption rates were 3.57×10^(-2), 4.44×10^(-2) and 5.03×10^(-2) g/L·min at 1, 3 and 5 vvm. The conversion rates were 39.9 % at 1 vvm, 52.8 % at 3 vvm and 53.2 % at 5 vvm. The 2.5 L stirred tank with agitation rate of 10 rpm and bubble column were compared in terms of the glucose oxidation rates and conversion ratio at 30℃ and 3 vvm. The glucose consumption rates and conversion rates of two reactors were similar. Therefore, it could be noted that the bubble column might be more suitable for this purpose.