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On the cleaning procedure of reverse osmosis membrane fouled by steel wastewater
Haigang Li,Yingxin Mei,Huanjin Xia 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.9
The proper cleaning procedure for reverse osmosis (RO) membranes holds the key to achieving sustainable operation of RO processes during long-term filtration such as the reclamation of wastewater. In this study, the most adequate cleaning protocol was tested for RO membranes fouled by the steel wastewater. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the fouling layer revealed the presence of the aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, metallic oxides and hydroxides. An integrated cleaning procedure was developed for flux recovery. That is, metal chelating agent (MCA) plus alkaline-oxidant cleaning procedure consisting in one cleaning stage or two cleaning stages in series. MCA cleaning with 2mM disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2-EDTA) solution followed by alkaline-oxidant cleaning with 5mM NaOCl+NaOH/pH 12.0 solution provided the maximum cleaning efficiency.
Lyu Zhaoyun,Liu Haigang,Zhou Ting,Feng Min,Lu Zengbin,Nie Lei,Wang Guiping,Wang Guangzhao,Li Lili,Men Xingyuan,Sun Meng,Yu Yi 한국응용곤충학회 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.27 No.1
The solitary mason bee Osmia excavata Alfken (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is an important pollinator of fruit trees in northern China. This stduy compared and studied the flight ability of O. excavata at different temper atures both during and post diapause, with the aim of exploring the feasibility of using O. excavata prematurely released from diapause for pollination. The flight capacity of male and female O. excavata during diapause and post diapause was measured at 3 ◦ C intervals from 10 to 31 ◦ C by using a computer-monitored flight-mill system. The results showed that as the temperature increased, the flight ability also increased until an optimal tem perature was reached, whereupon it gradually decreased regardless of the further increase in temperature. Temperature had a highly significant impact on flight ability (P < 0.01), whereas gender only had a significant effect on average flight distance (P = 0.034). Diapause status had significant effects on average flight distance, average flight speed and maximum flight speed, and the interaction between diapause and temperature had a highly significant impact on average flight distance and average flight speed (P < 0.01). Post diapause, the flying ability of bees was significantly improved; however, diapausing O. excavata demonstrated a sufficient flying ability and so could be used as auxiliary pollinators for fruits in greenhouses during winter and early spring, when there is a shortage of pollinators.