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강윤경,김경미,김연이,박혜옥,서광희,송숙녀,이현숙,조의영 대한간호행정학회 2006 간호행정학회지 Vol.12 No.1
Purpose: This study was aimed to specify roles of nurses from the anesthesia and recovery room by analyzing nursing activities as well as anesthesia nursing during surgery. Method: The objects were 12 RNs working in the recovery room of a university hospital located in Incheon. Self-report was performed by measuring stop-watch for five days from May 17th to May 21st in 2004. Research method was designed to record the time and frequency of the nursing activity from anesthesia and recovery room based on nurses' statement and other references for five days. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test via SPSS Win 10.0 program. Result: Nursing activities in anesthesia recovery room were classified into two different characteristics such as direct and indirect nursing activity. The activities consisted of 11 direct nursing areas and 39 nursing activities in anesthesia preparation room. The indirect nursing was classified into 8 nursing areas and 32 nursing activities. The direct nursing was classified into 12 nursing areas and 55 nursing activity. Also, the indirect nursing was classified into 7 nursing areas and 21 nursing activities in recovery room. In terms of prevalence of nursing activities in the anesthesia preparation room, observation and cooperation of anesthesia was the most prevalent activity, drug and eqipment management the second prevalent, and drug administration the third. On the other hand, in the recovery room, the most prevalent activity was vital sign checking and observation, the second most prevalent activity informative activity, and the third body temperature control. Nursing activity time was recorded according to the nursing characteristics. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing spent for 8092.20 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 7198.50 minutes. Also, in the recovery room, the direct nursing spent for 2361.16 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 1134.13 minutes. 4. Nursing activity time was compared to duty shifts. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing was more prevalent on day shift and the indirect nursing was prevalent on evening shift. However, in the recovery room, both direct and indirect nursing activities were prevalent on day shift. Conclusion: The role of anesthesia and recovery room nurses was analysed according to the time, frequency, and its characteristics.
중부지역 뿌리부추 하우스 재배 시 차광 정도가 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향
박의광(Eui-Kwang Park),노재관(Jae-Gwan Noh),이민정(Min-Jeong Lee),남상영(Sang-Young Nam),홍의연(Eui-Yon Hong),이철희(Cheol-Hee Lee) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2016 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.25 No.4
본 연구는 뿌리부추를 시설하우스에서 재배할 경우 여름철 고온기 하고현상(Summer depression)을 방지하기 위하여 차광막을 하우스 내부 또는 외부에 설치하여 차광정도를 달리하면서 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2015년 하우스 내부에 무차광, 35, 55, 75, 95% 차광막을 설치하여 정식 후 20일째 되는 날에 최종 출현 정도를 조사한 결과, 무처리, 35 및 75% 차광에서 98% 출현하였고, 55 및 95% 차광에서 100% 출현하였다. 차광 정도와는 상관없이 모든 처리에서 최종 출현은 양호하였다. 하우스 내외부에 차광막을 설치했을 경우, 2년간 평균 생중량(Fresh weight)은 75% 차광에서 6,323kg/10a으로, 무차광, 35%, 55%, 95% 차광보다 각각 5.0배, 1.8배, 1.1배, 1.7배 높았다. 하우스 외부에 차광막을 설치할 경우 생중량은 75% 차광에서 684g으로, 55%, 95% 차광보다 1.1배, 1.8배 높았다. 건중량(Dry weight), 건물율(Percentage of dry matter), 엽수(No. of leaves), 분얼수(No. of branches), 초장(Plant height), 근장(Root length) 등 분석결과 75% 차광이 다른 차광 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높거나 절대적 수치가 높게 측정되어 중부지역에서 뿌리부추를 재배 할 경우에는 75% 차광이 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. Allium hookeri is used for food and medical materials in Asia. This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of shading rates on growth and quality of A. hookeri cultivation in greenhouse. Treatments were given with 35%, 55%, 75% and 95% shading rates and non-shading (Control). Photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of control, 35%, 55%, 75%, and 95% shading were 792, 515, 351, 182, and 78.2μ㏖·m·s<SUP>-1</SUP> respectively. The emergence ratio was 98% under non-shading, 35% and 75% shading condition, and it was 100% under 55% and 95% shading condition on April 20, 2016. These results showed no correlation between emergence rate and shading treatment. When shading net was set up inside at greenhouse, fresh weights in control, 35%, 55%, 75%, and 95% shading treatments were 1,142, 3,511, 5,936, 6,408 and 3,779㎏/10a, respectively. When shading net was set up outside at greenhouse, fresh weights in control, 55%, 75%, and 95% shading treatments were 1,372, 5,442, 6,238 and 3,595㎏/10a, respectively. Dry weight, percentage of dry matter, number of leavesand branches, plant height and root length in 75% shading treatment were higher than other shading treatments. From these results, we suggested that the proper shading rate in a greenhouse is 75% for A. hookeri cultivation in middle area of Korea.
Two Reasons for Not Reducing Inferences of Social Deixis to Conventional Implicature
Cho, Eui-Yon 동국대학교 영어영문학과 1986 Dongguk review Vol.- No.14-15
1. In "Pragmatics and Social Deixis" (1979) and Praomatics (1983), Levinson argues that inferences arising from social deixis are non-cancellable as well as detachable, non-truth functional, and non-caculable like conventional implicatures. Therefore, he claims, social deictic items such as French tu, vous, Tamil referent honorific nka, etc, carry conventional implicatures. Contrary to what Levinson claims, however, I will show in this paper that social deictic item do not carry conventional implicatures by pressenting two sorts of empirical evidence; 1) while conventional implicatures are a part of the semantic content of the sentence with which they are associated, inferences of honorifics are not; 2) whereas conventional implicature is non-calculabel, inferences of honorifics are calculable. Before presenting in detail the above mentioned evidence, I will go over briefly with examples what led Levinson to conclude that social deictic items carry conventional implicature. I hope that the following summary of Levinson's argument makes this paper accessible to those readers who are not familiar with notions like conventional implicature, detachable, etc, explicated in Grice (1975). 2. In order to argue that inferences of honorifics can not be reduced to either presupposition or conversational implicature, one of whose main features is a cancellability, Levinson tries to show that inferences of honorifics are not cancelled by conjoined sentence. For example, given that the presupposition of the utterance "John didn't manage to stop in time," is "John tried to stop in time." (1) below shows that the presupposition of the first sentence, i.e. "John tried to stop in time." is cancelled by the conjoined sentence underlined: (1) John didn't manage to stop in time. But in fact, he didn't even try.