李丙燾 韓國古代史 硏究의 '實證性' 檢證

李道學(Lee, Do-Hack) 백산학회 2014 白山學報 Vol.- No.98

한국 실증사학의 비조로 일컬어지고 있는 李丙燾 史學의 중심적인 論考를 검토해 보았다. 그 결과 이병도가 제기한 歷史地理 比定의 많은 부분은 후학의 呼應을 얻지 못하였다. 이병도가 得意에 찼던 三韓 중 辰韓의 위치비정은 말할 것도 없고, 風納洞土城=蛇城說 등 숱한 論考들이 現今에 와서 무너져 내리고 말았다. 이병도의 역사지리 비정의 특징 가운데 하나가 音相似에 의한 比定이었다. 傍證정도의 방법론을 핵심 근거로 삼은 결과 誤導된 결론을 도출하였다. 이병도는 音相似를 과도하게 사용한 관계로 논지의 핵심 要諦가 된 경우가 많았다. 그로 인해 훗날 고고학적 방법론과 같은 새로운 자극이 발생하면 의외로 쉽게 논지가 붕괴되고는 했다. 이병도 史學은 '堅固'해 보이지만 의외로 허술한 면이 적지 않았다. 그럼에도 두계의 漢四郡 비정만은 적어도 한국의 講壇 史學에서는 통설로 자리 잡고 있다. 이 점 奇異하게 느껴질 정도이다. 해방 이전은 물론이고 해방 이후에도 적어도 남한 사학계에서는 한사군의 위치에 대한 새로운 비정은 거의 시도되지 못하였다. 대신 그 역할은 소위 在野史學者들의 몫이 되고 말았다. 가령 燕將 秦開가 고조선을 침공하여 진출한 界線을 박천강으로 설정했고, 평양에서 출토된 秦戈를 토대로 全燕시대에는 그 후 어느 때 대동강까지 진출한 것으로 간주한 이병도 설은 여전히 未檢證 상태라는 점이다. 필자는 이병도 史學 중 歷史地理분야에 대한 평가를 의뢰받고 집중적인 분석을 시도한 후 苦心 끝에 내린 결론은 李丙燾 史學에서 '實證'은 없다는 것이다. I've examined the central assertion of Byeongdo Lee's historical studies, which is called the father of The Korean Evidential History. In consequence, much of his estimation of geology history hasn't widely been accepted by youth. Not only highly elated Lee's estimation of Jinhan(辰韓) sites among the Three Hans(三韓) but also many other arguments, such as Poongnap earthen castle(風納洞土城)=a view that Poongnap earthen castle was the military (蛇城說) have camedown in now. One of his estimating location features was related to etymology studies, reviewing similar sounds. The conclusion was misled with a result of using circumstantial evidences as the core grounds. Because Lee applied etymology studies excessively, it often became the key point in arguments. Therefore this kind of thesis fell down easily when a new stimulation occurs like archeological methodology. Korean ancient history research of Lee seemed sturdy but actually they were fragile. In spite of that, estimated sites of Hansagun(漢四郡) has been the commonly accepted view in the mainstream. It is bizarre. New estimation of Hansagun location was hardly attempted in South Korean ancient history after liberation, not to mention before liberation. Instead, the roles fell to what we call unofficial historians. They set the boundary line where Yan general Jingae(燕將 秦開) had attacked Gojoseon(古朝鮮), to Bakcheongang (博川江). And even in Yan period(全燕), on the basis of Jin spear excavated from Pyeongyang(平壤), they considered that China advanced to Daedonggang(大同江) after that. Still these theories of Lee remain untested. I've received a request about geology history of Lee's historical studies and tried extensive analysis. I made the decision that there's no proof in his studies after thinking it over thoroughly.

Time-Related Changes in Detrusor Overactivity in Awake Rats with Spinal Cord Injury Observed by Simultaneous Registrations of Intravesical and Intraabdominal Pressures

Jin, Long-Hu,Shin, Hwa-Yoan,Yoon, Seung-Hwan,Seong, Do-Hwan,Park, Chang-Shin,Lee, Tack,Yoon, Sang-Min Korean Continence Society 2011 International Neurourology Journal Vol.15 No.1

<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>To compare the physical characteristics of detrusor overactivity (DO) induced by intravesical infusion of saline in awake, sham rats and rats with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), by simultaneous registrations of intravesical and intraabdominal pressures.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Male Sprague-Dawley rats, normal or with a spinal vascular clip at the level of Th9, were investigated cystometrically 1 and 4 weeks after SCI. Intravesical pressure (IVP) and intraabdominal pressure (IAP) were recorded simultaneously to evaluate true DO. During the filling phase, the event of IVP rises, defined as increments that exceeded 2 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O from baseline, were determined as DO according to the absence of simultaneous changes in IAP.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>All SCI rats exhibited DO during the filling phase, which was not shown in sham rats. The frequency and pressure of DO had a tendency to decrease with time. The DO frequency of SCI rats after 4 weeks (0.9±0.2 min<SUP>-1</SUP>) was decreased compared with that after 1 week (2.1±0.4 min<SUP>-1</SUP>; P<0.05). The DO pressure of SCI rats after 4 weeks (8.4±1.9 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O) was decreased compared with that after 1 week (11.6±2.9 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O; P>0.05).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Cystometric studies in awake male SCI rats showed some significant changes in bladder function after SCI. All SCI rats exhibited DO during the filling phase, and showed different physical characteristics of DO over the course of time. The neurological basis of these time-related changes remains poorly understood, but may provide important prognostic information about long-term urological management in SCI patients.</P>

An Evaluation of Nutrition Support for Terminal Cancer Patients at Teaching Hospitals in Korea

Do Yeun Kim,Sang Min Lee,Kyoung Eun Lee,Hye Ran Lee,김지현,Keun-Wook Lee,Jong Seok Lee,Soon Nam Lee 대한암학회 2006 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.38 No.4

Purpose: We wanted to analyze the use of nutrition support for terminal cancer patients, the effect of discussing withdrawal of nutrition support and do-not- resuscitate (DNR) consent on the use of intravenous nutrition during the patient’s last week of life and at the time of death.Materials and Methods: The study involved 362 patients with terminal cancer from four teaching hospitals, and they all died between January 1 2003 and December 31 2005. The basic demographic data, the use of intravenous nutrition during the patient’s last week of life and at death, discussion of terminal nutrition withdrawal and DNR consent were evaluated.Results:In the week before death, the patients received artificial nutrition such as total parenteral nutrition (31%), intravenous albumin infusion (25%), and feeding tube placements (9%). A discussion concerning withdrawal of nutrition support was limited to 25 (7%) patients. DNR consent was obtained from 294 (81%) patients. None of the patients were directly involved in any of these decisions. The discussion about withdrawal of terminal nutrition and DNR consent with the patient’s surrogates did not have any effect on reducing the use of parenteral nutrition.Conclusion: The majority of patients dying of terminal cancer were still given potentially futile nutritional support. Modern clinical guidelines and ethical education about nutritional support at the end of life care is urgently needed in Korean medical practice to provide proper administration of terminal nutrition for end of life care. (Cancer Res Treat. 2006;38:214-217)

Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders for Terminal Patients with Cancer in Teaching Hospitals of Korea

Kim, Do Yeun,Lee, Kyoung Eun,Nam, Eun Mi,Lee, Hye Ran,Lee, Keun-Wook,Kim, Jee Hyun,Lee, Jong Seok,Lee, Soon Nam Mary Ann Liebert 2007 Journal of palliative medicine Vol.10 No.5

<P>OBJECTIVES: To examine the current practices relating to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders for terminal patients with cancer at teaching hospitals in Korea. METHODS: The records of 387 deaths from January 1 to December 31, 2005 at four cancer centers were identified and reviewed to assess the DNR delineation. Basic demographics, circumstances surrounding the establishment of the DNR directive, the percentage of orders for identified populations, and the time interval between DNR consent and death were evaluated. RESULTS: An order of DNR consent was obtained from 296 patients (76%) of a total of 387 patients. All DNR consents were made between the physician and family, without involving the patient. Written preprinted DNR consent forms were used in 169 (57%) cases and 127 patients (43%) had verbal DNR permission. DNR consent was interpreted in two ways: one forbade resuscitation in two hospitals and the other implied limited care in two other hospitals. A unilateral physician decision to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was decided for 62 (16%) patients. Terminal CPR was performed on 29 (7%) patients. DNR discussion was made within 7 days of the day of death on 228 (77%) patient among the 296 DNR consenting patients. CONCLUSION: From our teaching-hospital-based analysis of terminal cancer patients in Korea, consent for a DNR order was common. However, DNR order forms were not standardized and lacked room to document patient involvement in the decision. Usually the DNR decision was made within last days of the patient's life. Our results reflect the need for the improvement of end-of-life care decisions in Korea.</P>

이어령 초기 문학 비평 연구

이도연(Do-Yeon Lee) 순천향대학교 인문학연구소 2011 순천향 인문과학논총 Vol.30 No.-

이어령은 1950년대 스스로 '背德兒'임을 자처하고 우상의 파괴를 주장하며 한국 문단에 등장하였다. 그는 '문제 제기의 명수'라는 한 평자의 지적처럼 시대의 징후를 예민하게 감지하여 문단의 이슈를 선점하고 현란한 언어로 당대 비평가와 독자들을 매혹시켰다. 이에 대해서는 언어의 사기술사에 불과하다는 혹독한 비판도 있지만 戰後 한국의 현실 속에서 참여 문학론을 중심으로 가장 뚜렷한 비평적 언어를 개진한 논자 중의 하나라는 데에는 이의가 없다. 한국 비평사에서 그의 참여 문학론의 진정성이 의심받게 된 것은 그가 4.19를 경험한 후에 스스로 참여문학론을 버리고 순수 문학으로의 복귀를 선언했기 때문이다. 이어령은 문단 데뷔와 동시에 전세대의 문학적 전통과 유산을 전면적으로 부정하고 스스로 새로운 전통의 창조자가 되어야 함을 천명하였다. 그에 의하면 자기 세대는 문화적 '화전민 지역'에 거주하고 있는 세대, '신화 없는 민족'의 후손으로서 '주어 없는 비극'을 담당하고 있는 세대이다. 따라서 여기에서 중요한 것은 새로운 전통을 창조할 수 있는 자기논리를 갖추는 것이 관건이 될 것이다. 그 자기논리의 실체가 무엇이었는지는 이후에 상술하기로 하고, 먼저 그가 초기 문학 비평의 핵심어로 사용되고 있는 '저항의 문학' 혹은 '참여 문학'의 논리와 그 의미를 살펴보기로 한다. 그리고 이를 위해서는 그의 문학론을 이루고 있는 몇 가지 전제들을 미리 확인해 둘 필요가 있다. 이 글은 이어령의 참여 문학에서 순수 문학으로의 轉化에 대한 가치 평가를 목표로 하지 않는다. 본고는 그의 초기 문학 비평을 통해 드러나고 있는 참여 문학론의 논리를 변화와 단절이 아니라 지속과 연장의 관점에서 재구성함으로써 그의 문학론에 내재되어 있던 논리적 모순을 밝히고자 한다. O-Young Lee in the 1950's, claimed 'baedeokah'(背德) the destruction of idols in the literary world emerging in South Korea. Some refer to Lee as an expert in making suggestions to problems in today's world based on the people of this generation; being the first to foresee the contemporary issues surrounding the literary world, and captivating the awe of other critics and readers through his unique way of writing. On the other hand, some critics believe his writings to be more like a play upon words. However, after the (Korean) war, he was best known for his use of critical language; and focus of engaged literature. However, after the war, Lee announced his refute on engaged literature and change to pure literature. Lee denounced the traditional forms of thought thus creating a new outlook towards one's logic, and the discovery of that logic. Thence, taking at look back at his own early criticism, uprising a reformation and to find a contradiction of logic

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 기능회복 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,박상민,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,이재동,최도영,김건식,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective: To evaluate the effects of bee venom acupuncture(BVA) on the rehabilitation and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients Methods: Patients with RA were treated with the BVA therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR), C-reactive protein(CRP), patient global assessment, physician global assessment, Korean health assessment questionnaire(KHAQ) were estimated and analyzed before and after BVA therapy. Results: Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness showed significant decrease after BVA therapy. But, as acute inflammatory reactants, ESR showed no significant difference and CRP showed significant increase after BVA therapy. Patient global assessment physician global assessment, and KHAQ index showed significant improvement after BVA therapy. Conclusions: BVA therapy can improve rehabilitation and health-related quality of life RA patients as well as clinical symptom and signs. Further study is required in more population with large scale including acute inflammatory reaction of BVA therapy.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 관절 통증, 종창 및 급성 염증 반응에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,백용현,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,김건식,이재동,최도영,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective In order to study the effects of bee venom(BV) on the pain, edema, and acute inflammatory reactant of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients. Methods Patients with RA who met the ACR(American College of Rheumatology) 1987 revised criteria for the diagnosis of RA were treated with the BV therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender Joint counts, swollen joint counts, Visual analog scale(VAS), morning stiffness, ESR. C-reactive protein(CRP) were analyzed before and after BV therapy. Results The results as follows. 1. Tender joint counts in patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(9.0±7.9 vs 15± 11.4, p=0.002). 2. Swollen joint counts of the patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(50±61 vs 15±23, p=0.001). 3. VAS in patients after BV therapy was significantly lower than those before BV therapy(608± 17.6 vs 380± 159, p=0.000). 4. Duration of morning stiffness in patients after BV therapy was significantly reduced compared with that before BV therapy(119.1± 112.6 min vs 59.0±89.7 min, p=0.009). 5. ESR and CRP were not significantly changed before and after BV therapy, suggesting BV itself could make inflammatory reaction as well as therapeutic effect. Conclusions BV therapy improved tender joint counts, swollen joint counts and duration of morning stiffness in this study, and further study is needed on long-term effect of BV therapy.

뇌졸중 후 중추성 통증 환자에 대한 동서협진이 진통과 재활에 미치는 영향

이현종,김수영,이상훈,서동민,이두익,김건식,이재동,이윤호,양형인,박재경,최도영 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Purpose : In order to study the effectiveness of East-West pain treatment on central poststroke pain(CPSP), we evaluated its effect on alleviation of pain and rehabilitation of CPSP Patients who were treated with electroacupuncture and west pain treatment for four weeks. Methods : Twenty four patients diagnosed by their pain characteristics of central pain from stroke were treated with sympathetic nerve block, gabapentin, amitriptyline, and electroacupuncture for four weeks. Pain intensity through the visual analogue scale(VAS), and improvements of mobility and rehabilitation through the modified Barthel index(MBI) and Rankin scale(RS), respectively, before and after pain treatment were also assessed. Results : VAS pain scores were significantly improved from 7.7±1.7 to 4.4±2.0 with pain treatment(p<0.05). In accordance with improvement of pain scores, RS and MBI scores were also improved from 2.88±0.95 to 2.13± 1.01 and from 83.0± 16.9 to 94.7±9.5(p<0.05), respectively, with pain treatment(p<0.05). Conclusions : It was suggested that the active pain treatment was contributed to the rehabilitation of CPSP patients, resulting in improvement of quality of life of CPSP patients. Futhermore, East pain treatment in combination with West pain treatment may be useful modality to alleviate CPSP.

비온의 연구에 나타난 시간성의 정신분석적 의미 : 버지니아 울프의 소설 『등대로』를 중심으로

이은도(Lee, Eun?Do),이준호(Lee, Joon?Ho) 한국현대정신분석학회 2020 현대정신분석 Vol.22 No.1

“시간이 흐른다”는 것은 자연 속에 존재하는 당연한 현상이므로 그 정신분석적 의미는 간과되기 쉽지만 비온은 그 의미에 대해 논한 바 있다. 비온의 연구에서 시간성은 사고의 발달 과정에서 나타난다. 시간의 측정은 좌절을 견딜 수 있는 유아에게 가능하며, 부재하는 젖가슴과 젖가슴 사이의 간격 측정과 “무의식적 깨어 생각하기”의 과정을 거쳐 유아의 내면에 시간의 흐름에 대한 관념이 생겨난다. 본 논문에서는 시간의 흐름에 대한 관념은 사고의 발달이 가능한 표지로서 기능할 수 있다고 보았고, 사고의 방향성이 가진 시간적 측면에 따라 시간을 K시간과 O시간으로 나누었다. 시간에 대한 인식의 실패는 O로의 변형에 필연적으로 수반되는 시간의 분열에서 생겨날 수 있으며, O로의 변형을 시도하였으나 좌절을 견디지 못하여 –K로 도피하였을 경우에도 생겨난다. 이때 K시간을 방어로서 사용할 수 있다. 이러한 시간에 대한 인식의 실패가 있는 경우 시간에 대한 특정한 증상으로 발현될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 사례로 버지니아 울프의 작가 일기 「로드멜 1926」을 선정하였다. 「로드멜 1926」은 버지니아 울프의 자전적 소설인 『등대로』를 집필하던 당시의 일기로, 소설 속에는 버지니아 울프의 알파 기능, O에 직면하고 이를 변형하려고 시도하는 모습, 좌절을 견디지 못하여 –K로 도피하는 모습, 그 과정에서 나타난 시간의 분열과 멸절의 양상이 잘 드러나 있다. 「로드멜 1926」에 나타난 시간적 측면의 증상은 버지니아 울프가 소설 속에서 보여준 시간에 대한 인식의 실패가 현실로 발현된 사례로 볼 수 있을 것이다. “Time flows” is a natural phenomenon. But it’s psychoanalytic implications may not be obvious. In Bion’s study, measurement of time becomes possible for infants who can endure frustration, and through the process of “Unconscious wakeful thinking”, the notion on continuity of time is created in the infant’s mind. Time is classified as K time and O time according to the thought’s direction upon the aspect of time in this article. Failure of recognition of time can be generated from the splitting of time that is inevitably accompanied with the transformation of O, and it is generated when one tries to transform into O but cannot endure the frustration so as to escape into –K. In this case, K time can be used as a defense. When failure of recognition of time occurs, it can manifest as a certain symptom related to time. Virginia Woolf’s diary, “Rodmell 1926” would be this case. “Rodmell 1926” is Virginia Woolf’s diary when she wrote her autobiographical novel, To the Lighthouse. In the novel, her alpha function, the confrontation and attempt at transformation of O, the escape to –K due to intolerance of frustration, and splitting of time and annihilation were well illustrated. The symptoms of time that appeared in “Rodmell 1926” can be considered as the case of failure of recognition of time that Virginia Woolf wrote about in her novel, which was expressed in reality.

제주에 대한 재현의 폭력과 저항의 역학관계

이도흠 ( Do Heum Lee ) 한국기호학회 2012 기호학연구 Vol.32 No.-

There were three kinds of the vilolence of representation for peoples of Jeju island: the remotest place of exile, island of a red, a beautiful island of sightseeing without history. I applied the theory of dependent origination to the dynamic relation of violence. Since others is penetrating inside me and I am also penetrating inside others, separating me and others is just a delusion. Therefore, a human being is intrinsically ``inter-becoming``. A violence is doing between the strong and the weak, between a strain and a strength dynamically. There is a resistance where the violence is doing. The confucian power elite in Choseon dynasty represented Jeju island as the remotest place of exile. Practically, they had forbidden every peoples in Jeju Island to enter inland, and had exiled the man who the king hate extremely to this island. The discourses that Jeju island is a land of God and Goddess stood against the discourses of exile. However, the latter had the superiority over the former in the struggle of hegemony overwhelmingly. The ruling class in modernized Korea represented Jeju island as the land of reds for the purpose of covering up a truth of Jeju 4.3 resistance. They had massacred scores of thousands of the residents in Jeju island during Jeju 4.3 resistance. They had forbidden every peoples not only the residents in Jeju Island but also all Korean to express a word about Jeju 4.3 resistance. After democratization movement against military dictatorship, the discourses that Jeju 4.3 resistance is a massacre of the innocent people by government power stood up to the discourse of reds. Owed to the fall of military dictatorship by democratization movement, the former had the superiority over the latter in the struggle of hegemony. The capital, government, and the press represented Jeju island as a beautiful island of sightseeing without history. They erased history of Jeju island in the memory of Korean. They regarded Jeju island as the object of sightseeing. They are developing and exploiting people and resources in Jeju island. The discourses that described Jeju island as the field of history faced against the discourse of the land of sightseeing. However, because the latter is created and communicated by the capital and the press unlimitedly, so the former is inferior to the latter in the struggle of hegemony.