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D.W. Harris,K.A. Hamby,H.E.Wilson,F.G. Zalom 한국응용곤충학회 2014 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.17 No.4
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive pest native to Southeast Asia, is nowreportedthroughout North America and Europe.We used traps baited with apple cider vinegar to monitor D. suzukii adultpresence inmultiple crops and associated fruiting plants at theWolfskill USDA GermplasmRepository in Winters,CA, USA from 2011 to 2013. Traps were placed in small (~160m × 40m on average) almond, apricot, cherry, fig,grape, mulberry, peach, persimmon, plum, and pomegranate deciduous fruit orchard blocks as well as a citrusblock and evergreen trees located near a house at the repository. D. suzukii was present in all blocks with thegreatest monthly deciduous fruit captures in the cherry and fig blocks. Few D. suzukii were captured in almond,apricot, pomegranate and grape blocks. Deciduous fruit blocks had two distinct periods of trap capture: springthrough midsummer and again in fall. Most deciduous fruit blocks had low trap captures during the hottestsummer months (August to September) and the coldest winter months (December to April). However, fromlate December through mid-January, high trap captures were associated with the citrus and house sites. Thisstudy provides seasonal trapping data of D. suzukii adults in an unsprayed multi-crop mosaic, and may serveas a model of adult capture patterns across smaller mixed-crop commercial orchards and associated urbanlandscapes.
Presence of oxygen and aerobic communities from sea floor to basement in deep-sea sediments
D’Hondt, Steven,Inagaki, Fumio,Zarikian, Carlos Alvarez,Abrams, Lewis J.,Dubois, Nathalie,Engelhardt, Tim,Evans, Helen,Ferdelman, Timothy,Gribsholt, Britta,Harris, Robert N.,Hoppie, Bryce ,W.,Hyun Nature Publishing Group 2015 Nature geoscience Vol.8 No.4
The depth of oxygen penetration into marine sediments differs considerably from one region to another. In areas with high rates of microbial respiration, O<SUB>2</SUB> penetrates only millimetres to centimetres into the sediments, but active anaerobic microbial communities are present in sediments hundreds of metres or more below the sea floor. In areas with low sedimentary respiration, O<SUB>2</SUB> penetrates much deeper but the depth to which microbial communities persist was previously unknown. The sediments underlying the South Pacific Gyre exhibit extremely low areal rates of respiration. Here we show that, in this region, microbial cells and aerobic respiration persist through the entire sediment sequence to depths of at least 75 metres below sea floor. Based on the Redfield stoichiometry of dissolved O<SUB>2</SUB> and nitrate, we suggest that net aerobic respiration in these sediments is coupled to oxidation of marine organic matter. We identify a relationship of O<SUB>2</SUB> penetration depth to sedimentation rate and sediment thickness. Extrapolating this relationship, we suggest that oxygen and aerobic communities may occur throughout the entire sediment sequence in 15–44% of the Pacific and 9–37% of the global sea floor. Subduction of the sediment and basalt from these regions is a source of oxidized material to the mantle.