고장으로 인한 대구경 계량기의 불감률

박남식,배정용,황경석,김학용,최철식 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Leaks and meter under registrations are suspected as primary components of unaccounted-for water in Korea. Roughly, one third of the unaccounted-for water is believed to be due to meter under registration. However, no justification has been given to prove the statistics. In this study the rate of meter under registration due to failures of large-diameter meters is investigated. Replacement records of over 2600 consumer sites are analyzed. The minimum, the maximum and the probabilistic distribution of meter under registration rate are computed.

競技種目別로 본 優秀選手의 體格.體力의 比較 및 基準設定에 관한 硏究

朴哲浩,金榮俊,鄭琮潤 東亞大學校 附設 스포오츠科學硏究所 1985 스포츠科學硏究論文集 Vol.3 No.-

This research has the aims of making known what the characteristics of physique and physical fitness factors are and establishing a desirable model of standard evaluation for talented collegiate athletes according to their games. Method All 157 talented athletes of 11 items of sports who attend colleges in Pusan and chosen for the research, and standard evaluation by means of T-score was made on the basis of the measurement results of 18 physique and 28 physical fitness factors. The numbers of student athletes in each event are 29 in baseball, 27 in socer, 22 in wrestling, 16 in taegwondo, 15 in judo, 14 in ssirum, 12 in bosing, 7 in track & field, 5 in archery, and 3 in cycling. Conclusion 1. The first three groups which attained higher records in standing height, body weight of chest and sitting height were those of ssirum, field & track and judo, while those of Taegwondo and archery were the lowest 2. In such factors as length of upper arm and length of limb, the groups of field & track, ssirum and baseball were highest in order, while those of archery and cycling were the lowest in their scores. 3. In girths of upper arm, forearm and thigh, the athlete groups of ssirum, judo and field & track in order got higher scores than others, while the lowest two groups were those of Taegwondo and archer. 4. In strengths of grip, upper arm in extensor and flexor and leg in extensor and flexor, the groups of ssirum, field & track and judo were the highest three, and those of archery and boxing were the lowest two. 5. In the relative strength factor, the groups of field & track, archery and cycling in the score order were the highest, and judo and boxing groups were the lowest. 6. In the static muscular endurance factor, the player groups of wrestling, soccer and archery were in order the highest three, and those of baseball and boxing were the lowest two. 7. In the power factor, the collegiate athlete groups of field & track, fencing, ssirum and baseball were the highest four in the score order, and those of boxing and archery were the lowest two. 8. In the factor of flexibility, the athletic groups of fencing, archery and Taegwondo were the highest three, while those of field & track and boxing showed the lowest marks. 9. In the factor of cardiovascular funciton and endurance, the student player groups of field & track, ssirum and soccer were the highest three, while those of boxing and archery received the lowest scores. 10. A model of standard evaluation of physique and physical fitness for the subjects, namely talented athletes, by means of T-score were presented in Table 5-1, 2, 3 and 4.

수침고목재의 보존을 위한 PEG, Sucrose, Lacitol 처리 및 습도조건에 따른 상태변화 실험

이용희,김수철,박영만,김경수 국립중앙박물관 2000 박물관보존과학 Vol.2 No.-

광주 신창동 저습지유적에서 출토된 수침목재유물에 적합한 보존처리 방법을 설정하고자 동일유적에서 출토된 2종의 자연목재를 PEG(Poly-Ethylene Glycol), Sucrose, Lactitol로 처리하고 약제별 치수안정성 및 처리목재의 습윤↔건조 특성을 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과 상수리나무류는 저분자의 PEG#200(MW:200)과 고분자량의 PEG#4000(MW:3,350)을 이용한 2단계 PEG처리(PEG-2Step)에서, 단풍나무류는 PEG#4000만을 단독으로 적용한 처리에서 가장 높은 치수안정성을 나타내었다. 또한 처리 후 습윤↔건조 실험에서는 2단계 PEG처리한 시험재의 치수변화가 가장 작게 나타났다. 반면 Sucrose와 Lactitol의 경우 약제 확산속도가 빠르지만 Sucrose처리재는 84%의 높은 습도조건에서 흡습량이 급격히 증가하면서 약제가 다량 용출되었고, Lactitol은 습윤↔건조 후 미세한 할렬과 함께 처리재가 팽창되는 현상이 발생되었다. 또한 습윤↔건조 실험에서 2단계 PEG처리를 제외한 모든 시험재에서 갈라짐이 발생하였다. 이번 실험결과 신창동 저습지 출토수침목재는 2단계 PEG처리법을 적용한 경우에 치수안정성이 가장 높고 습도변화에 대한 적응성도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. In order to studies proper conservation treatment condition of waterlogged archaeological wood excavated from wetland in Shinchang-dong, Gwangju, 2 kinds of wooden objects were treated with PEG(Poly-Ethylene Glycol), sucrose and lactitol and their size stability and relative humidity were analyzed and compared each other. The result showed that Quercus spp. had the highest size stability in 2 Step PEG treatment using PEG#200(MW:200) and PEG#4000 (MW:3,350) and Acer spp. was the highest in treatment using only PEG#4000. In relative humidity test after treatment 2 Step-PEG treatment showed the lowest size stability. In the meantime, sucrose and lactitol-treated sample was fast for penetration, sucrose-treated sample showed a sharp increase for penetration in as high as 84% humidity condition and medicine flew out a lot and lactitol-treated sample got enlarged with fine cracking(splitting) in relative humidity test. In relative humidity test, the samples showed cracking(splitting) in all treatment materials except for 2 Step-PEG treatment. This study showed that waterlogged archaeological wood excavated from Shinchang-dong had the highest size stability and highest adaptation to humidity change in case of treatment with 2 Step-PEG.

The Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell-mediated Immune Modulation.

Park, Choul Yong,Yang, Seung-Ha,Chuck, Roy S,Gehlbach, Peter L,Park, Chung-Gyu Aeolus Press 2010 Ocular immunology and inflammation Vol.18 No.1

<P>Purpose: To evaluate the role of indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) in human retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE)-mediated immune modulation. Methods: The immunosuppression of cultured human RPEs (ARPE-19 cells) was assayed using the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) harvested from CBA/J and BALB/c mice. The expression of critical immune modulatory molecules, such as class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1 and B7-2), and indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining with and without IFN-gamma stimulation. Results: RPEs expressed IDO and class II MHC molecules under IFN-gamma stimulation. However, B7-1 and B7-2 were not expressed. RPE significantly suppressed MLR in the absence of IFN-gamma prestimulation. This phenomenon was enhanced by IFN-gamma stimulation. The addition of 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) into the culture medium successfully reversed RPE immunosuppression. Conclusions: The expression of IDO may in part explain RPE-mediated immune suppression effects.</P>

Predicting Postoperative Astigmatism Using Scheimpflug Keratometry (Pentacam) and Automated Keratometry (IOLMaster)

Yong Park, Choul,Do, Jae Rock,Chuck, Roy S. Informa Healthcare 2012 Current eye research Vol.37 No.12

<P><I>Purpose</I>: To compare keratometry measurements obtained using an automated keratometer (AK, IOLMaster) and a Scheimpflug keratometer (Pentacam) in predicting residual astigmatism after cataract surgery.</P><P><I>Methods:</I> Preoperative corneal astigmatism was calculated using preoperative refraction, an AK and a Scheimpflug keratometer (anterior corneal power [ACP] and true net power [TNP]) in 155 eyes of 107 Asian subjects. Phacoemulsification cataract removal and nontoric intraocular lens insertion (Akreos<SUP>®</SUP>MI-60<SUP>™</SUP>, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) were performed through a 2.8 mm temporal clear corneal incision. Six months later, postoperative astigmatism (postA) was calculated using manifest refraction. Error angle (EA) and error magnitude (EM) of above keratometries (AK, ACP, and TNP) in prediction of postA was calculated. The correlation between preoperative astigmatism and postA was analyzed using power vectors (J<SUB>0</SUB> and J<SUB>45</SUB>).</P><P><I>Results</I>: AK resulted in the lowest EM and ACP resulted in the lowest EA. Preoperative astigmatism (preA) measured using AK, ACP, and TNP showed significant correlation with postA in both J<SUB>0</SUB> and J<SUB>45</SUB> components. (AK: rJ<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.554, rJ<SUB>45</SUB> = 0.559, ACP: rJ<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.346, rJ<SUB>45</SUB> = 0.281, TNP: rJ<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.409, rJ<SUB>45</SUB> = 0.231). Preoperative refractive astigmatism showed no significant correlation in any components.</P><P><I>Conclusions</I>: PreA determined using AK showed superior performance in prediction of postA than ACP and TNP.</P>

Measurement of angle kappa and centration in refractive surgery

Park, Choul Yong,Oh, Sei Yeul,Chuck, Roy S. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2012 Current opinion in ophthalmology Vol.23 No.4

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Consideration of angle kappa is important for correct centration of refractive treatments. Decentered refractive treatment can cause photic phenomena including glare, halo, and deterioration of vision. This review highlights the concept of angle kappa, its measurement and distribution in normal populations, and the methods to compensate for large angle kappa in refractive surgery using laser or intraocular lenses (IOLs). RECENT FINDINGS: Determination of the treatment center is very important in refractive surgery. Moving the ablation center from the center of the entrance pupil to points near visual axis, such as the corneal light reflex (line of sight) or corneal vertex normal, results in less induction of higher order aberrations (including coma aberration) and either the same or better visual outcomes both in hyperopic and myopic eyes when compared to laser ablation centered on the entrance pupil. Decentration of multifocal IOLs can result in deterioration of postoperative visual function with induction of higher order aberrations. The occurrence of photic phenomena positively correlated with preoperative values of angle kappa. SUMMARY: There is a growing body of evidence that emphasizes the consideration of angle kappa in refractive surgery. Ignoring angle kappa may sometimes result in decentered treatment and aggravation of visual symptoms. Compensation for angle kappa is important for optimal correction of refractive error by either laser ablation or IOLs, especially for hyperopes and any eyes with large angle kappa.

Predicting Ocular Residual Astigmatism Using Corneal and Refractive Parameters: A Myopic Eye Study

Park, Choul Yong,Oh, Jong-Hyun,Chuck, Roy S. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2013 Current eye research Vol.38 No.8

<P><I>Purpose</I>: To investigate the nature of ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) in myopic patients and to identify indicators to predict a patient’s ORA from corneal and ocular refractive data.</P><P><I>Methods</I>: In total, 356 myopic eyes from 178 patients (M:F = 41:137) were examined using a Scheimpflug keratometer (Pentacam) and a wavefront analyzer (WaveScan). Vertex distance-adjusted total ocular astigmatism and corneal astigmatism [anterior corneal power (ACP) and true net power (TNP)] were used to calculate ORA, respectively. A power vector system (J<SUB>0</SUB> and J<SUB>45</SUB>) was adopted for the astigmatism analysis.</P><P><I>Results</I>: The mean age of the study eyes was 27.6 ± 5.0 years, and mean refractive spherical equivalent, sphere and cylinder was −4.94 ± 1.90 diopter, −4.42 ± 1.87 diopter, and −1.05 ± 0.82, respectively. Corneal astigmatism measured by TNP was more representative of total ocular astigmatism than ACP (<I>p</I> < 0.001). Both the J<SUB>0</SUB> and J<SUB>45</SUB> components of ORA showed significant negative correlation with corneal astigmatism measured by ACP and TNP (<I>p</I> < 0.001). ORA (J<SUB>0</SUB> and J<SUB>45</SUB>) was negatively correlated with total ocular spherical equivalent and positively correlated with total ocular astigmatism.</P><P><I>Conclusions</I>: We verified the general compensatory effect of corneal astigmatism by internal optics in myopic patients. TNP was closer to refractive astigmatism than ACP was. Total ocular spherical equivalent and total ocular astigmatism showed significant correlation with ORA. Therefore these can be possible indicators to predict ORA.</P>

Cyclooxygenase-2-expressing macrophages in human pterygium co-express vascular endothelial growth factor

Park, Choul Yong,Choi, Jong Sun,Lee, Sung Jun,Hwang, Sang Won,Kim, Eo-Jin,Chuck, Roy S. Molecular Vision 2011 Molecular vision Vol.17 No.-

<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>To evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and to characterize COX-2-expressing stromal cells in human pterygium.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Primary pterygium tissue of Korean patients (eight males and nine females) was analyzed. The clinical characteristics were classified, and immunohistochemical staining using primary antibodies against cyclooxygenease-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, cluster of differentiation (CD)68, CD3, CD20, and leukocyte common antigen was performed.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>COX-2 expression was detected in all pterygium tissues evaluated (17 primary pterygia). Diffuse expression of COX-2 in the epithelial layer was observed in nine samples. Infiltration of strongly positive COX-2 cells into the epithelial layer was a more common observation than diffuse epithelial COX-2 expression. Scattered COX-2-expressing cells in the stromal layer were found in all samples. Some COX-2-positive cells were found within microvessels. In addition to stromal COX-2-expressing cells, a few vascular endothelial cells strongly expressed COX-2; however most of the vessels were negative for COX-2 expression. Stromal COX-2-expressing cells were positive for the macrophage marker CD68 and co-expressed vascular endothelial growth factor. COX-2 expression in normal conjunctiva was not observed in seven control samples.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>These COX-2- and vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing macrophages may have relevance to the pathogenesis of pterygium.</P>

Bilateral Intraocular Hemorrhage Associated with Traumatic Intracranial Hematoma

Park, Choul Yong 동국대학교 의학연구소 2009 東國醫學 Vol.15 No.2

48세 남자 환자가 최근에 발생한 낙상 이후 두통과 우안 날파리증을 호소하며 안과에 의뢰되었다. 전산화 뇌 단층촬영 결과소량의 경막하 출혈과 대뇌출혈이 관찰되었고, 전반적인 안과적 검사상 양측성 시신경 유두부종과 유리체 출혈, 망막앞 출혈이 관찰되었다. 대부분의 안구내 출혈은 시신경 주변에서 발생한 양상을 보였다. 시력, 색각, 동공, 대광 반사는 정상이었으며, 경과 관찰상 안구내 출혈의 흡수 및 시신경 유두 부종의 정상화를 보였다. 대부분의 Terson증후군 환자들이 수상 후 수개월 이상 경과하여 두개내 병변의 회복기에 심각한 시력저하를 주소로 안과에 의뢰되는 것과 달리 본 증례는 경미한 두개내 출혈로 인하여 명료한 의식을 가진 환자가 조기의 시력 저하를 호소하였고, 따라서 투명한 안내 매질 상태에서 초기의 Terson증후군 소견을 관찰할 수 있었다. 본 증례의 소견은 이 질환의 출혈의 위치 및 출혈의 기전을 밝혀내는 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. A 48 year old male complained headache and floaters in the right eye after the recent fall down injury. Brain computed tomography (CT) and thorough ophthalmic examination were performed. A small amount of sub-dural and intracerebral hematoma was found in the brain CT. Fundus examination revealed bilateral papilledema, pre-retinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage. Most of the intraocular hemorrhage was originating from the peri-papillary area. The visual acuity, color perception and pupil light response were not affected until the complete absorption of the blood and the resolution of papilledema. The clear view of fundus in a bilateral Terson syndrome with minimal visual impairment enabled the clearer understanding of the mechanism and the origin of intraocular hemorrhage in Terson syndrome.

섬유주 절제술후 여과포 평가에 있어서 광간섭 단층촬영 (Optical Coherence Tomography)의 유용성

박철용 ( Choul Yong Park ),기창원 ( Chang Won Kee ) 대한안과학회 2003 대한안과학회지 Vol.44 No.5