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Solar photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide by different forms of TiO_2
Chockalingam Karunakaran,Paramasivan Gomathisankar,Govindasamy Manikandan 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.5
The photocatalytic efficiencies of TiO_2 nanocrystals of different modifications (anatase, rutile, P25 Degussa,Hombikat), to oxidize cyanide ion and subsequently the cyanate also, under natural sunlight at 950±25W m^−2 in alkaline solution have been compared. The oxides have been characterized by powder XRD, UV-visible diffuse reflectance and impedance spectroscopies. Under identical solar irradiance, the reaction follows Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics on cyanide, and depends on the apparent area of the catalyst bed and dissolved oxygen. However, the adsorption of cyanide on TiO_2 in dark is too small to be measured analytically. The photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 is not solely governed by the band gap or charge-transfer resistance or capacitance or phase composition but is in accordance with the specific surface area or the average crystallite size; rutile is an exception.
Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Salicylic Acid by Bactericidal ZnO
Karunakaran, Chockalingam,Naufal, Binu,Gomathisankar, Paramasivan Korean Chemical Society 2012 대한화학회지 Vol.56 No.1
Salicylic acid degrades at different rates under UV-A light on $TiO_2$, ZnO, CuO, $Fe_2O_3$, $Fe_3O_4$ and $ZrO_2$ nanocrystals and all the oxides exhibit sustainable photocatalysis. While ZnO-photocatalysis displays Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics the others follow first order on [salicylic acid]. The degradation on all the oxides enhance with illumination intensity. Dissolved oxygen is essential for the photodegradation. ZnO is the most efficient photocatalyst to degrade salicylic acid. Besides serving as the effective photocatalyst to degrade salicylic acid it also acts as a bactericide and inactivates E.coli even in absence of direct light.
Karunakaran Chockalingam,Singh I. Jeba,Vinayagamoorthy Pazhamalai 한국세라믹학회 2023 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.60 No.2
Cubic Ag2O-deposited anatase TiO2 nanospheres with cubic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4-core have been obtained by a 2-stage synthesis. They have been characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X-ray and selected area electron diffractometries, vibrating sample magnetometry, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, and UV–visible diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The synthesized samples are superparamagnetic and absorb UV-A light and visible light in the entire wavelength range. Structure directing agent polyvinylpyrrolidone provides little influence on the Ag2O-capping process. The synthesized Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4-core/Ag2O-capped TiO2-shell nanospheres are whole visible light-active magnetically recoverable photocatalyst; capped Ag2O sensitizes anatase TiO2 under whole visible light and the ferrite core buried in TiO2 lattice enables magnetic recovery of the photocatalytic nanospheres.
Mansour Shawky,Chockalingam Jeganathan 대한공간정보학회 2020 Spatial Information Research Vol.28 No.5
Sustainability of date palm trees based economy envisages regular monitoring of spatio-temporal variations of these trees over time. But, field based counting is a very old style of managing trees which is labour intensive, costly and time consuming while modern geo-spatial technologies provides a fast, cheaper and accurate mechanism. In this regard, the current study attempts to formulate a repeatable and robust approach utilising high spatial resolution remote sensing data integrated with image processing technique and GIS functionalities in automatically extracting palm trees. The study was carried out over Al-Ahssa region in Saudi Arabia. Difficulties posed by dark and bright canopy situation is resolved in this study based on appropriate kernel (based on multiscale analysis) along with focal minimum and focal maximum functions, and individual tree locations were identified correctly. Supervised classification technique was utilised to differentiate trees from non-tree areas. The approach has successfully extracted date palm tree locations with an overall accuracy of 93% with an omission error of 5% and commission error of 4%.
Structural and Nano-Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Films
Saurabh Dayal,Sushil Kumar,Neeraj Dwivedi,Sreekumar Chockalingam,C. M. S. Rauthan,O.S. Panwar 대한금속·재료학회 2013 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.19 No.3
The effect of self bias on structural and nano-mechanical properties of nanostructured diamond-like carbon (ns-DLC) thin films is explored. These films are grown at different negative self biases ranging from −100 V to −200 V using radio frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. The generation of nanostructured morphology at room temperature in these films is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, whereas change in microstructure produced by varying the self biases is confirmed by Raman analysis. These ns-DLC films exhibit very high hardness, which varied from 16 GPa to 31 GPa. With the help of load versus displacement curves, various other important nano-mechanical parameters such as elastic modulus, elastic recovery etc are also estimated. The nano-mechanical properties are further correlated with the Raman and SEM analyses. Owing to their versatile nano-mechanical properties, these ns-DLC films may find application as hard and protective coatings.
Josette Bettany-Saltikov,Hans-Rudolf Weiss,Nachiappan Chockalingam,Gokulakannan Kandasamy,Tracey Arnell 대한척추외과학회 2016 Asian Spine Journal Vol.10 No.6
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine which is usually not symptomatic and which can progress during growth and cause a surface deformity. In adulthood, if the final spinal curvature surpasses a certain critical threshold, the risk of health problems and curve progression is increased. Although surgery is usually recommended for curvatures exceeding 40° to 50° to stop curvature progression, recent reviews have shed some light on the long-term complications of such surgery and to the lack of evidence for such complicated procedures within the scientific literature. Furthermore, a number of patients are very fearful of having surgery and refuse this option or live in countries where specialist scoliosis surgery is not available. Other patients may be unable to afford the cost of specialist scoliosis surgery. For these patients the only choice is an alternative non-surgical treatment option. To examine the impact of different management options in patients with severe AIS, with a focus on trunk balance, progression of scoliosis, cosmetic issues, quality of life, disability, psychological issues, back pain, and adverse effects, at both the shortterm (a few months) and the long-term (over 20 years). We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and two other databases up to January 2016 with no language limitations. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles and conducted an extensive hand search of the grey literature. We searched for randomised controlled trials as well as prospective and retrospective controlled trials comparing spinal fusion surgery with no treatment or conservative treatment in AIS patients with a Cobb angle greater than 40°. We did not identify any evidence of superiority of effectiveness of operative compared to nonoperative interventions for patients with severe AIS. Within the present literature there is no clear evidence to suggest that a specific type of treatment is superior to other types of treatment.
Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene
Zhao, L.,He, R.,Rim, K. T.,Schiros, T.,Kim, K. S.,Zhou, H.,Gutierrez, C.,Chockalingam, S. P.,Arguello, C. J.,Palova, L.,Nordlund, D.,Hybertsen, M. S.,Reichman, D. R.,Heinz, T. F.,Kim, P.,Pinczuk, A.,F American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2011 Science Vol. No.