A형 간염의 자연항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체 생성률의 역가 비교분석

권원현,김경화,조경아,문기춘,김정인,이인원,Kwon, Won Hyun,Kim, Kyung Hwa,Cho, Kyung A,Moon, Ki Choon,Kim, Jung In,Lee, In Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

2008년부터 A형 간염 환자들이 급속히 증가하고 본원에 내원하여 건진을 받는 대부분의 수검자들이 A형 간염(IgG) 항체 생성 유무에 관심이 많아지며 검사 건수가 증가하였다. 그에 따라 항체 검사결과가 cut-off값에 걸리는 검체가 많아져 원인을 분석하였더니 대부분 A형 간염 예방접종을 한 수검자들이었다. 이에 저자들은 건강증진센터에서 설문조사를 통하여 자연면역을 획득한 수검자들 그룹과 본원에서 A형 간염 예방접종(1차, 2차)을 실시한 직원들 그룹으로 나누어 검사를 시행하였고 cut-off값을 기준으로 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교하고 진단검사의학과와 핵의학과에서 사용하는 진단 시약간에 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교해 보고자 했고, 2012년 8월 한 달 동안 건진 수검자 185명을 설문조사하여 자연면역을 획득한 119명과 본원에서 예방 접종을 실시한 직원들을 대상으로 1차 접종자 53명, 2차 접종자 59명으로 대상을 분류했다. 항체 생성률은 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0.89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+)로 나누어 역가를 비교하고, 같은 기준으로 제조사별 백신 접종 후 항체 생성률에 대한 역가를 비교평가 해 보았다. 그 결과, 건진 수검자 중 자연 면역을 획득한 수검자는 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때, 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$)가 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+)가 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+)가 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+)가 96%로 역가가 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$)가 100%였다. 그리고 예방접종을 실시한 직원들의 항체 생성률은 1차 접종자 중 ${\pm}$가 59.1%, 1+가 18.1%, 2+가 18.1%, 3+가 4.6%로 총 45.3%였고, 역가는 $${\geq_-}$$ 0.60 ($${\leq_-}1+$$)가 77.3%였다. 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 ${\pm}$가 1.9%, 1+가 15.4%, 2+가 36.54%, 3+가 46.2%로 총 88.1%였고 역가는 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) 82.7%가 였다. 또한 제조사별로 비교 하였을 때 1차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 20.8% (${\pm}24.5%$), GB 15.7% (${\pm}7.8%$), RIAKEY 94.3% (${\pm}3.8%$), ROCHE 83% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 73.1% (${\pm}5.8%$)였고, 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 86.4% (${\pm}1.7%$), GB 88.5% (${\pm}1.9%$), RIAKEY 100% (${\pm}0%$), ROCHE 98.3% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 98.2% (${\pm}0%$)였다. 즉 자연면역 항체가 예방접종에 의한 항체보다 역가가 높다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 1차 접종 후 보다는 2차 접종 후 검사를 시행했을 때 항체 생성률과 역가가 대부분 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 결과 보고시 negative, index (${\pm}$), weak positive (1+), positive (2+), strong positive (3+)로 역가를 나누어 보고를 하거나 결과값에 index값을 같이 적어서 결과를 상세히 보고한다면 과거결과와 비교도 가능할 것이다. 또 제조사별 비교 시 1차 예방접종 후의 항체 생성률과 역가에서 시약간에 많은 차이를 보이고 있었고, 매년 예방 접종률이 높아지고 있는 시점에서 이러한 차이를 줄이기 위해서 각 제조사들은 민감도나 재현성에 더 주의를 기울여야 하겠고, 자연면역항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체간에 생길 수 있는 미지의 차이를 감안하여 검사자들이 사용하는 시약을 신뢰할 수 있도록 더 연구하고 개발해야 할 것이다. Purpose: Since 2008, hepatitis A patients was rapidly increasing. So, Most of the health checkup examinees were interested in whether hepatitis A antibody was a lot. thereby The number of tests was increasing. In recent years, Antibody test results in the range of cut-off values were increased. According to the cause analysis, most examinees had a hepatitis A vaccine. This study was conducted to classify hepatitis A antibody as natural antibody and antibody after vaccination and compared the titer for seroconversion rate based on cut-off values. Materials and Methods: For a month in August 2012, First, We surveyed 185 health examinees and classified 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody. Second, for employees who were inoculated against hepatitis at our hospital, We classified into 53 primary inoculators and 59 secondary inculators. when the standard of cut-off value was 1, The seroconversion rate was compared the titer divided by 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0,89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+) and we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination. Results: When the standard of cut-off value was 1, the titer of 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$): 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+): 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 96% and the titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 100%. The titer of 53 primary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:59.1%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 18.1%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 18.1%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 4.6% and the seroconversion rate was 45.3%. The titer of $${\geq_-}0.60$$ ($${\leq_-}1+$$) was 77.3%. The titer of 59 secondary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:1.9%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 15.4%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 36.54%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 46.2% and the seroconversion rate was 88.1%. The titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 82.7%. When we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination, the seroconversion rate of 53 primary inoculators was BNIBT: 20.8% (${\pm}:24.5%$), GB: 15.7% (${\pm}:7.8%$), RIAKEY: 94.3% (${\pm}:3.8%$), ROCHE: 83% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 73.1% (${\pm}:5.8%$) and the seroconversion rate of 59 secondary inoculators was BNIBT : 86.4% (${\pm}:1.7%$), GB: 88.5% (${\pm}:1.9%$), RIAKEY: 100% (${\pm}:0%$), ROCHE: 98.3% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 98.2% (${\pm}:0%$). Conclusion: The study show that the titer of natural immune antibodies is higher than the titer of vaccination and the titer of secondary inoculation is mainly higher than the titer of primary inoculation. Consequently, if we know the titer of hepatitis A antibodies, it will help to give resullt reports. And then, when we compared the titer and the seroconversion rate by each manufacturer, There was a very distinct difference. As the test subjects inoculate against hepatitis A (HAV), it is considered BNIBT, GB will occur false negative rate and RIAKEY, ROCHE, ABOTT will occur false positive rate.

청소년 우울증 측정 및 관리를 위한 스마트폰 어플리케이션 콘텐츠 개발

박정선(Park, Jung-Sun),조재숙(Cho, Jae-Suk),함선희(Ham, Sun-Hee),박지수(Park, Ji-Soo),권정아(Gwon, Jung-A) 한국웰니스학회 2016 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 청소년 정신건강의 핵심문제 중 하나인 우울증의 측정과 관리를 위한 스마트폰 어플리케이션 콘텐츠 개발을 목적으로 하며, 이는 충남 소재 A대학의 청소년상담 관련학과, 컴퓨터공학 관련학과의 교수와 학생들의 협업으로 이루어졌다. 사용대상은 우울증의 예방 및 관리를 위해 집단상담에 참여하는 청소년들이며, 개발된 어플리케이션은 집단상담을 돕기 위해 사용될 예정이다. 콘텐츠 구성을 위해 먼저, 청소년 우울증의 발생원인과 특성, 수준측정방안, 심리치료이론을 고찰하였다. 다음으로 기존에 개발, 발표된 국내·외 어플리케이션과 선행연구를 통해 콘텐츠 내용과 실용성 등을 비교분석하였다. 이를 통해 청소년 우울증수준 측정방법으로 BDI-Ⅱ(우울척도), 심리치료 기법으로 인지행동치료, 치료 촉진방략으로 집단상담을 선정했다. 따라서 본 연구는 이에 초점을 맞춰 콘텐츠를 구성 및 개발하였으며, 개발 목적 및 실용화의 적절성 파악을 위해 청소년 5인을 대상으로 예비조사를 실시하였다. 예비조사 결과에서 제시된 제안점은 전문가와 실제 사용대상의 의견을 수렴하여 수정 보완할 예정이다. 결론적으로 본 콘텐츠는 일상성을 바탕으로 한 능동적 정서관리를 통해 효율적으로 청소년의 정신건강 웰니스를 지원할 것이다. The present study aims to develop the digital content of a smart-phone app for the measurement and management of depression – a key issue in adolescents’ mental health. This app has been developed by a psychology laboratory and a computer software engineering laboratory for an interdisciplinary convergence study. The target users of the app are adolescents who participate in group counseling for prevention and management for depression. The app is planned to be used as a tool for the group counseling. To develop the app content, we conducted a literature review. We then comparatively analyzed the key aspects of existing domestic and foreign apps designed to help for depression. The results of the analysis suggested the Beck Depression Inventory-II for the assessment method, the cognitive behavioral approach for the psychotherapeutic approach, and the group counseling that allows mutual support. Therefore, in this study, we organized and developed the app content by focusing on the identified aspects and conducted a pilot test with five adolescents to determine if the app met the development objectives. Modifications and improvements will be made based on the suggestions obtained from the pilot test and expert reviews. In conclusion, this app content is expected to enhance the wellness of adolescents effectively by improving proactive emotional management on a daily basis.

Evaluating the TaqMan Jr a -Genotyping Method for Rapidly Predicting the Presence of Anti-Jr a Antibodies

Koo Yu-Kyung,Kwon Soon Sung,Suh Eun Jung,Kim Na Hyeong,Kim Hyun Kyung,Cho Youn Keong,Choi Seung Jun,Kim Sinyoung,Lee Kyung-A 대한진단검사의학회 2024 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.44 No.5

Background: The Jra antigen is a high-prevalence red blood cell (RBC) antigen. Reports on cases of fatal hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions suggest that antibodies against Jra (anti-Jra) have potential clinical significance. Identifying anti-Jra is challenging owing to a lack of commercially available antisera. We developed an alternative approach to rapidly predict the presence of anti-Jra using the Taq- Man single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-genotyping method. Methods: Residual peripheral blood samples from 10 patients suspected of having the anti-Jra were collected. Two samples with confirmed Jr(a–) RBCs and anti-Jra were used to validate the TaqMan genotyping assay by comparing the genotyping results with direct sequencing. The accuracy of the assay in predicting the presence of anti-Jra was verified through crossmatching with in-house Jr(a–) O+ RBCs. Results: The TaqMan-genotyping method was validated with two Jr(a–) RBC- and anti-Jraconfirmed samples that showed concordant Jra genotyping and direct sequencing results. Jra genotyping for the remaining samples and crossmatching the serum samples with inhouse Jr(a–) O+ RBCs showed consistent results. Conclusions: We validated a rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for predicting the presence of anti-Jra using a TaqMan-based SNP-genotyping assay. Implementing this method in routine practice in clinical laboratories will assist in solving difficult problems regarding alloantibodies to high-prevalence RBC antigens and ultimately aid in providing safe and timely transfusions and proper patient care.

Comparison of First-Line Dual Combination Treatments in Hypertension: Real-World Evidence from Multinational Heterogeneous Cohorts

Seng Chan You,Sungjae Jung,Joel N. Swerdel,Patrick B. Ryan,Martijn J. Schuemie,Marc A. Suchard,Seongwon Lee,Jaehyeong Cho,George Hripcsak,Rae Woong Park,Sungha Park 대한심장학회 2020 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.50 No.1

Background and Objectives: 2018 ESC/ESH Hypertension guideline recommends 2-drug combination as initial anti-hypertensive therapy. However, real-world evidence for effectiveness of recommended regimens remains limited. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of first-line anti-hypertensive treatment combining 2 out of the following classes: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blocker (A), calcium channel blocker (C), and thiazide-type diuretics (D). Methods: Treatment-naïve hypertensive adults without cardiovascular disease (CVD) who initiated dual anti-hypertensive medications were identified in 5 databases from US and Korea. The patients were matched for each comparison set by large-scale propensity score matching. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events as a composite outcome comprised the secondary measure. Results: A total of 987,983 patients met the eligibility criteria. After matching, 222,686, 32,344, and 38,513 patients were allocated to A+C vs. A+D, C+D vs. A+C, and C+D vs. A+D comparison, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mortality during total of 1,806,077 person-years: A+C vs. A+D (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97−1.20; p=0.127), C+D vs. A+C (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87−1.01; p=0.067), and C+D vs. A+D (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.95−1.47; p=0.104). A+C was associated with a slightly higher risk of heart failure (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01−1.18; p=0.040) and stroke (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01−1.17; p=0.040) than A+D. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in mortality among A+C, A+D, and C+D combination treatment in patients without previous CVD. This finding was consistent across multi-national heterogeneous cohorts in real-world practice.

흉부 방사선 치료후 완전방실차단증과 양측 관동맥구 협착증을 보인 1예

고경환,김정경,이수금,윤재형,조성제,이상훈,홍석근,현민수,황흥곤,김명아,박성훈 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.3S

We have experienced a case of radiation-induced coronary biostial stenosis presented with recurrent syncopal attack, which was confirmed by coronary angiography and pathologic findings. A 60 year-old woman was admitted with the symptoms of recurrent syncopal attack. She had a history of radiation therapy of the chest for lung neoplasm 15 years ago. Initial electrocardiogram showed transient high-degree A-V block followed by third-degree atrioventricular block which was associated with syncope. Echocardiography revealed mild aortic regurgitation without left ventricular dysfunction. The coronary angiogram revealed biostial stenosis of coronary arteries. Initial cardiac symptom subsided after temporary pacemaker implantation. She had a coronary bypass graft surgery on both coronary arteries using saphenous vein. Biopsy findings showed mild fibrosis with intimal thickening of coronary artery.

The Influence of Feed Energy Density and a Formulated Additive on Rumen and Rectal Temperature in Hanwoo Steers

Cho, Sangbuem,Mbiriri, David Tinotenda,Shim, Kwanseob,Lee, A-Leum,Oh, Seong-Jin,Yang, Jinho,Ryu, Chaehwa,Kim, Young-Hoon,Seo, Kang-Seok,Chae, Jung-Il,Oh, Young Kyoon,Choi, Nag-Jin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.11

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

학교행정가의 리더십과 핵심역량에 대한 인식 연구

조경원,한유경,서경혜,조정아,이지은 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2006 교육과학연구 Vol.37 No.1

21세기 지식정보화 사회는 전통적인 학교교육의 변혁을 요구한다. 이에 학교교육 개혁을 성공적으로 이끌어 나아갈 수 있는 교원의 리더십 특히 학교행정가의 리더십이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 그렇다면 지식정보화 사회에서 요구되는 학교행정가의 리더십이란 무엇이며 어떤 역량을 포함하는가? 본 연구는 학교행정가의 리더십과 핵심역량에 대한 선행연구가 학교 현장과는 유리된 채 이론적, 당위적 수준에 그치고 있다는 문제의식에서 출발하여 학교행정가의 리더십을 구성하는 핵심역량이 무엇인가에 대한 교사, 교감, 교장, 행정실장 및 서무부장의 인식을 파악하고 이들 집단의 인식을 비교 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 우선 문헌연구를 통해 리더십에 대한 관점과 개념의 변화를 고찰하였고 변혁적 리더십 관점에 기초하여 학교행정가가 갖추어야 할 핵심역량으로 교육적 리더십, 학교 계획 및 조직, 학교교육과정 편성 및 운영, 학교운영, 인적자원 개발, 학교재정 관리, 교육법 이해 및 집행, 학교교육정책 이해, 학교·학부모 및 지역사회 협력, 정보통신기술 활용과 같은 열 가지 역량을 도출하였다. 문헌연구를 통해 도출된 핵심역량에 대한 학교 현장의 관점을 알아보기 위해 초·중·고등학교 교직원을 대상으로 10대 핵심역량의 중요도와 현재 실행정도에 대해 설문조사를 수행하였다. 설문조사에는 144개 학교의 교직원 1,136명이 참여하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perspectives of teachers, vice-principals, and school staff on school administrators' leadership and core abilities. For this purpose, first, we examined the perspectives and concepts of school administrator's leadership and identified 10 core abilities that constitute the school administrator's leadership. Second, we developed a questionnaire to investigate the perspectives of teachers, vice-principals, and school staff on to what extent the 10 core abilities are important and whether their school administrators actually exert these 10 core abilities. Finally, we conducted a survey research, including teachers, vice-principals, and school staff with various years of experiences in elementary and secondary schools in Korea. The findings show that teachers, vice-principals, principals, and school staff consider the 10 core abilities very important for school administrators. However, they perceive that school administrators, in reality, do not exert the 10 core abilities as much as they think these abilities are important. In particular, teachers rated school administrators' leadership relatively low compared to principals, vice-principals, and school staff. The difference between their perception on the importance and exertion of 10 core abilities indicates the need for programs that promote the development of 10 core abilities for school administrators and consequently support the development of school administrator's leadership.

High Level of Sequence-Variation in Sacbrood Virus (SBV) from Apis mellifera

A-Tai Truong,Jung-Min Kim,Su-Jin Lim,Mi-Sun Yoo,Yun Sang Cho,Byoung-Su Yoon 한국양봉학회 2017 韓國養蜂學會誌 Vol.32 No.4

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the main pathogenic RNA viruses of honeybee. SBV is found worldwide and many local strains have been reported, such as kSBV, cSBV, and wSBV. In this study, SBV-specific DNA fragments were cloned and sequenced by reverse-transcription PCR from 4 populations of A. mellifera, 4 sequences from 1 population belonged to the 2134D51 genotype (349 nucleotides, nt) and 12 sequences from 3 populations belonged to the 2100D0 genotype (400 nt) among the 16 determined sequences. A total of 87 points of mismatches were found by comparison with the most similar sequences in GenBank. Seventeen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected, and 6 SNP-patterns in the 2100D0 genotype and 2 SNP-patterns in the 2134D51 genotype were identified based on SNP positions. In SNP-pattern 2, 10 SNPs were detected, but only 2 SNPs were found in SNP-pattern7. Meanwhile, one SNP-pattern was found from one RNAsample, multi SNP-patterns were detected from other RNA-samples. Large numbers of SNP variants indicate that vast numbers of point-mutations on SBV have occurred since SBV invaded Korea and that SNP smay have been introduced individually over time. Thorough analysis of SNP variants will not only define the local infection-route, but also the relationships between SNP-pattern and SBVpathogenic abilities.

Improvement of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium thin film solar cells by different p-type contact layer

Cho, J.,Pham, D.P.,Jung, J.,Shin, C.,Park, J.,Kim, S.,Tuan Le, A.H.,Park, H.,Iftiquar, S.M.,Yi, J. Pergamon 2016 Materials science in semiconductor processing Vol.41 No.-

In this study, we report an appreciably increased efficiency from 6% up to 9.1% of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) thin film solar cells by using a combination of different p-doped window layers, such as boron doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (p-a-Si:H), amorphous silicon oxide (p-a-SiO<SUB>x</SUB>:H), microcrystalline silicon (p-@?c-Si:H), and microcrystalline silicon oxide (p-@?c-SiO<SUB>x</SUB>:H). Optoelectronic properties and the role of these p-layers in the enhancement of a-SiGe:H cell efficiency were also examined and discussed. An improvement of 1.62mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> in the short-circuit current density (J<SUB>sc</SUB>) is attributed to the higher band gap of p-type silicon oxide layers. In addition, an increase in open-circuit voltage (V<SUB>oc</SUB>) by 150mV and fill factor (FF) by 6.93% is ascribed to significantly improved front TCO/p-layer interface contact.

유방암의 위와 대장전이

유현아,김은영,서민지,정은,조민정,오현진,장지혜,박지찬,이정의,박석영 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2014 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.37 No.2

Gastric metastasis from breast cancer is rare and only six cases have been reported in Korea. Colon metastasis is more rare than gastric metastasis. We report a 63-year-old woman with gastric and colon metastases of invasive lobular carcinoma of breast. She was diagnosed as right breast cancer, received right modified radical mastectomy 10 years ago and has been treated with chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Investigating for melena and a small caliber of stool, we found gastric and colon metastases. The diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer was made through gross pathologic and immunohistochemistry staining. We report a case with gastric and colon metastases from breast cancer and a review of the associated six case reports in Korea.