태극권의 원리에 관한 연구

김창룡,박종구 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 2004 武道硏究所誌 Vol.15 No.1

This study set out to investigate if the many different schools were different as much as they looked different on the outside or if they still shared the same contents in the theories of Taijiquan despite the different appearances by comparing the histories, theories, and Quanjia(拳架) of the schools with the focus on Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳). It also aimed to confirm the results of the consideration of the histories and theories by comparing each school's Taijiquan(太極拳) and Quanjia(拳架). The findings were as follows: 1) The sameness and the difference in the aspect of history of Taijiquan(太極拳) Taijiquan was reviewed from the origin to the differentiation and development. As a result, today's Taijiquan was the product of the original form practiced in Chenjiagou(陳家溝) being completed as the modern Taijiquan and gradually distributed and spread outside. The review of the history of Taijiquan revealed that it accomplished more fresh developments in many aspects after it was being distributed outside than it was limited within the region of Chenjiagou(陳家溝) and the Chen family. First, there were developments and systematization in terms of theories. It should be acknowledged that all the theoretical establishments were already prepared as the modern Taijiquan(太極拳) began to form in Chenjiagou(陳家溝). What is argued here is that it was after Taijiquan moved out of Chenjiagou(陳家溝) that the theoretical systems turned more refined and systematic. In other words, there was already a complete set of the secrets in which all the experiences and know-how from Chen wang-ting(陳王延) and Chen chang-xing (陳長興2) were accumulated for generations even in the era of Chenjiagou(陳家溝). But the secrets and tricks of the original Chenjiagou(陳家溝) enjoyed a lot of boons only after Wu yu-xiang(武禹襄) and Li yi-yu(이역여) integrated the theories of Greate Absolute and yin and yang(太極陰陽) into the Taijiquan(陳家溝) and thus the name of Taijiquan(陳家溝) was appointed as the official name. The biggest driving force that made all those happen was the wide spread of Taijiquan(太極拳3), which was backed up by the refined concerning writings by the addition of literary men and noblemen to the group of Taijiquan. Second, there were more than the theories that were under mutual influences after Taijiquan being spread outside. In the process of Taijiquan 's differentiation and development, Dajia(大架) and Xiaojia(小架) were established by Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳), which in turn exchanged mutual impacts with other schools that were being formed and drew and absorbed the influences from other schools. As a result, the appearances of Taijiquan became different somewhat along with the interpretations of the terms, but the basic mental techniques of Taijiquan seemed to be shared among the different schools. Thus there would be no opposition to saying that Taijiquan(陳家溝) could be used to refer to all the different schools with seemingly different appearances. The sameness and the difference in the aspect of theories of Taijiquan(陳家溝) The Taijiquan(太極拳) theories of each school were compared. As a result, having originated from the traditions represented by the Quanjing(拳經) of Qi ji-guang(威繼光), the concerned theories earned a new creative slogan called Taijiquan thanks to Chen wang-ting(陳王延). With the Chenjiagou(陳家溝) as the tradition, the outside creations followed their own growing path being represented by Wang zong-yue(王宗岳) and Wu yu-xiang(武禹襄). Then the concerned theories and creations combined together as the situations of the times changed, which results corresponded to the findings according to the chronological order. There was a strong sense of the process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis, where new creations were made based on the traditions, then the traditions were separated from the creations, and then there was another combination together. In today's world, there are many different schools of Taijiquan, which are operated in the same principles and rules based on the common roots. That should be the reason why Taijiquan can be nothing but Taijiquan no matter differences there are among the schools. The flow in the history has resulted in the different styles of five major schools of today's Taijiquan, which still have common features in the body and limb principles and rules. Thus it was confirmed that Taijiquan has not evolved into different types of Taijiquan based on the appearances but taken different outside forms according to the goals of practicing and spreading it or the degree of cultivation and tastes of Taijiquan people. The sameness and the difference in the aspect of each school's Taijiquan(太極拳) based on the Quanjia(拳架 comparison The Quanjia(拳架)(Taolu 套路) of each school was compared in the composition and common Zhaoshi(超式) in order to compare their Taijiquan. As a result, even though the names of Zhaoshi(超式) were changed and went through partial omission, replacement, alteration, addition, and simplification, the Taijiquan of each school turned out to share the same family line based on the Laojia(老架) of Chenjia-taijiquan(眞家太極拳). Then going into details of Zhaoshi(招式) led to the selection and comparison of several Zhaoshi(招式). After the comparison methods and scopes were decided, it was investigated what caused the outside changes to Taijiquan(太極拳). The results confirmed that even though the Zhaoshi(太極拳) of each school that originated from Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳) appeared very much different from the outside, they shared the same implications on the inside. It would be reasonable to argue that the outside appearances that seemed very much different in the overall structure or individual Zhaoshi(招式) were the products of each school's responding to the needs for spreading their Taijiquan for survival. That is, they just tried to pursue "Eungmuljayean(應物自然 : means unify with every object in nature)" of Taijiquan(太極拳) by taking proper measures responding to the changing situations of the times. In short, there were changes that led to the partial differences of some schools in appearance due to the creative growth and differentiation of Taijiquan(太極拳) itself in terms of theories and practice or some alterations that led to the simpler Taijiquan(太極拳) for the purpose of distribution. Despite the outside differences, however, the changes of each school remained royal to the essential meaning of Taijiquan(太極拳). Thus it's a reasonable argument that each school including not only Laojia(老架), Paochui(포추), Xinjia(新架), and Xiaojia(小架) of Chenjia-taijiquan(陳家太極拳) but also Yangia(楊家), Wujia(吳家), Wujia(武家), and Sunjia(孫架) all belongs to the same Taijiquan(太極拳) in contents.

송이 균환내 토양수분의 시공간적 변화

구창덕 ( Gu Chang Deog ),김재수 ( Kim Jae Su ),이상희 ( Lee Sang Hui ),박재인 ( Park Jae In ),안광태 ( An Gwang Tae ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.6

Water is critically important for Tricholoma matsutake(Tm) growth because it is the major component of the mushroom by over 90%. The mushroom absorbs water through the below ground hyphal colony. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate spatio-temporal water changes in Tm colonies. This study was carried out at Tm fruiting sites in Sogni Mt National Park, where the below-ground fairy-ring colonies have been irrigated. To identify spatial water status within the Tm soil colony soil moisture and ergosterol content were measured at six positions including a mushroom fruiting position on the line of the colony radius. To investigate temporal soil moisture changes in the soil colony, Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensors were established at the non-colony and colony front edge, and water data were recorded with CRlOX data logger from late August to late October. Before irrigation, whereas it was 12.8% at non-colony, the soil water content within Tm colony was 8.0% at 0-5cm from the colony front edge, 6.2% at 10-15cm and 6.5-7.5% at 20-40cm. And the content was 12.1% at 80cm distance from the colony edge, which is similar to that at the non-colony. In contrast, ergosterol content which is proportional to the live hyphal biomass was only 0.4pg/g fresh soil at the uncolonized soil, while 4.9 ㎍/g fresh soil at the front edge where the hyphae actively grow, and 3.8 .㎍/g fresh soil at the fruiting position, l.l ㎍/g at 20cm distance and 0.4㎍/g in the 40cm rear area. Generally, in the Tm fungal colony the water content changes were reversed to the ergosterol content changes. While the site was watered during August to October, the soil water contents were 13.5-23.0% within the fungal colony, whereas it was 14.5-26.0% at the non-colony. That is, soil water content in the colony was lower by 1.0-3.0% than that in the non-colonized soil. Our results show that Tm colony consumes more soil water than other parts. Especially the front 30cm within the hyphal colony parts is more critical for soil water absorption.

공극 매질체에서 이온강도의 변화에 따른 박테리아의 부ㆍ탈착

이창구 ( Lee Chang-gu ),박성직 ( Park Seong-jik ),김현정 ( Kim Hyon-chong ),한용운 ( Han Yong-un ),김성배 ( Kim Song-bae ) 한국농공학회 2008 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2008 No.-

Column experiments were performed to investigate the influence of ionic strength on the attachment and detachment of Staphylococcus aureus to quartz sand and iron-coated sand. Experimental results showed that the mass recovery in quartz sand decreased with increasing ionic strength and bacteria detachment was occurred when ionic strength was changed. In the coated sand, however, the mass recovery remained constant even though ionic strength was changed. Also, no detachment occurred with ionic strength change.

오스테나이트계 Fe-Ni based 합금강의 열화 시간에 의한 탄화물 거동과 기계적 물성 변화에 대한 연구

김기근(Keekeun Kim),박수(Soo Park),석창성(Chang-Sung Seok),최재구(Jae Gu Choi),김가연(Gayeon Kim) 대한기계학회 2018 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.42 No.11

Fe-Ni-Cr 오스테나이트계 합금강 중 NCF3015 소재는 Ni 원소의 함량을 증가시켜 고온 기계적 물성을 우수하게 만든 소재이다. 고온 기계적 물성은 미세조직의 형상과 밀접한 관계가 있으며 미세조직의 형상은 고온노출 온도와 시간에 따라 변할 수 있기 때문에, 재료의 고온 미세조직 변화와 기계적 물성변화에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 950℃에서 NCF3015 소재의 열화 시간에 따른 미세조직 및 탄화물 변화와 기계적 물성과의 관계를 분석하기 위해 Thermo-calc 프로그램을 통한 평형 상태도 해석으로 NCF3015 소재의 고온 미세조직 변화를 예측하였으며, 실험적으로 열화된 시편의 미세조직 분석을 통해 해석결과와 비교하였다. 또한 인장시험과 비커스 경도를 측정함으로써 열화 시간에 따른 기계적 물성변화를 분석하였으며 이를 탄화물 거동변화와 관련 지어 두 변화의 상관관계를 도출하였다. NCF3015 is a Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic alloy steel that increases the content of Ni elements and which results in excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. High-temperature mechanical properties are closely related to the microstructure, and the shape of the microstructure can be changed by the exposure temperature and time. Therefore, it is necessary to study the changes in the high-temperature microstructure and mechanical properties of materials. In this research, to analyze the relationship between microstructural and carbide changes, as well as the mechanical properties of NCF3015 at 950℃, an equilibrium-state analysis is performed using the Thermo-calc program to determine the microstructural changes. The results are compared with the experimental results obtained. In addition, the tensile test and the Vicker"s hardness test are conducted to determine the variation in the mechanical properties with degradation time, which was correlated with the changes of microstructural and carbide behavior.

흰쥐에서 Iodine-131-Iododeoxyadenosine 의 생체분포 및 유방암 영상화에 관한 연구

김혜원,원종진,최시성,이현철,김창근,김선구,Yang, David J,이강무,민병철,이종덕,Kim, E Edmund 대한핵의학회 1998 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose: I-131 labeled (2'-deoxy-2-iodo-β-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (IAD) may be involved in DNA synthesis during active proliferation of tumor cells. We conducted this study to find out the biodistribution of IAD and its feasibility for scintigraphic tumor imaging. Materisls and Methods: Tosyl acetyl-adenosine was dissolved in acetonitrile, and I-131-NaI was added and heated to synthesize IAD. Female Fisher 344 rats innoculated with breast tumor cells were injected witb 0.27 MBq of IAD. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24h and the % of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was determined. For scintigraphy, rats bearing breast cancer were administered with 1.11 MBq of IAD and imaging was perforrned after 2 and 24h. Then, rat body was fixed and rnicrotomized slice was placed on radiographic film for autoradiography, Results: %ID/g of tumor wa.' 0.74 (0.5h), 0.73 (1h), 0.55 (2h), 0.38 (4h), and 0.05 (24h), respectively. At 1h after injection, %ID/g of tumor was higher than that of heart (0.34), liver (0.42), spleen (0.47), kidney (0,69), muscle (0.14), bone (0.33) and intestine (0.51). However, %1D/g of tumor was lower than blood (1.06), lung (0.77), and thyroid (177.71). At 4h, %ID/g of tumor in comparison with other tissue did not change. Tumor contrast expressed by tumor to blood ratio was 0.69 and tumor to muscle ratio was 5.11 at 1h. However, these ratios did not improve through 24h. On autoradiogram and scintigraphy at 2 and 24 hour, the tumor was well visualized. Conclusion: This results suggest that Ial) may have a potential for tumor scintigraphy. However, further work is needed to improve localization in tumor tissue. (Korean J Nucl Med 1998;32:374-81)

In vitro Screening of Jeju Medicinal Plants for Cosmeceutical Materials

Kim, Sang-Suk,Hyun, Chang-Gu,Lee, Jong-Sung,Lim, Ji-Hee,Kim, Ji-Young,Park, Deok-Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2007 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.50 No.4

One of the important functions of skin is protection from harmful environments. Many studies have explored how to prevent skin from wrinkling and the occurrence of pigmentation changes. Skin wrinkling and pigmentation changes could be caused by unusual disruption of connective tissue, the formation of free radicals and ultraviolet radiation. In this study, extracts obtained from 254 different kinds of Jeju medicinal plants were screened for inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase, and for free radical scavenging effects. Four herbs, Phormium tenax, Morus bombycis, Morus alba, and Cudrania tricuspidata, were potent inhibitors of tyrosinase ($IC_{50}$ values 4.62, 5.46, 8.17, and 64.17 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively). Aleurites fordii [$IC_{50}$: 5.29 ${\mu}g$/mL, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)], Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 6.14 ${\mu}g$/mL), Acer palmatum ($IC_{50}$: 5.44 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Spiraea salicifolia ($IC_{50}$: 5.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) showed good antioxidative effects. Furthermore, Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 7.51 ${\mu}g$/mL), Diospyros kaki ($IC_{50}$: 15.1 ${\mu}g$/mL), Cornus macrophylla ($IC_{50}:$ 16.59 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Psidium guajava ($IC_{50}$: 40.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on elastase. These results suggest that medicinal plants possessing several biological activities may be potent inhibitors of the processes involved in pigmentation increases and aging. Further investigations will focus on in vivo assays and on the chemical identification of the major active components responsible for whitening and anti-aging activity in the screened efficacious extracts.

商圈의 開發戰略과 發展方向에 관한 硏究 : 大邱地域 小賣商圈을 中心으로

金圭昌 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1996 연구논문집 Vol.53 No.1

1. The trading area in market means the extent or target area that the commercial power can reach to draw in their customers and also means the area where the most of the customers live. The extent also can be expressed by not only the concept of distance but also the concept of time. The trading area is created by the flow of trade and can be changed according, to the current of time as well as the artificial facts. Especially, the trade area in Korea is apt to be changed by current of time. Recently, there was the greater change of the trade area in Taegu City. Taegu City is a traditional City that management function, Commerce, business, ditribution and leisure facilities are centralized to a certain area. We can say that it is natural phenomenon that the trading area is decentralized according to, the progress of the down-town area : eastern(Ansim), western(Dalseo), northern(Chilgok) and is carrying out the downtown-planning for the years of 2000's. Taegu City estimates 3 millions of population, 1.9 million of residents, 638 thousands of cars in the year of 2000's and the subway line 1,2,3 as basic line are now under construction. 2. The internationalization, globalization and open-door policy are making rapid progress. According the complete opening of distrubtion market after 1996. Advanced foreign distribution industries will wxtend their business to the commercial sphere in Taegu City. Present Taegu City is so much centralized to downtown that it is corwded with many customers. The heavy traffic and the lack of parking lot in downtown causes citizen to feel inconvenient city life and hamstring the city function and image. Taegu City expected to develop the trading area in the outside of the city. 3. Jungang-tong and Dongsung-ro, the center of downtown, are losing their trading area due to the traffic jam caused by the construction of the subway line 1. Instend of it, new trading area were made in the large-sized apartment areas. The joint researches by the academic and business circles about the change of retail-trading area were made in the large-sized apartment areas. The joint researches by the academic and business circles about the change of retail-trading area according to the opening of subway line 1 should be continued.

영양표시정착화사업(Ⅱ) : 식품참고량설정에 관한 연구 Study on the Establishement of the Reference Amount in Foods

김대병,장영미,김인복,이혜영,장재희,김보영,이정구,김창민,정해랑 식품의약품안전청 2000 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.4 No.-

본 연구는 영양표시에서 1회분량 및 영양소함량표시의 기준으로 사용되는 "식픔창고량"에 관한 연구를 수행하므로써 합리적이고 일관성있는 영양표시기준 개선을 위한 기초자료로 활용코자 하였다. 이를 위하여 미국 및 캐나다를 중심으로 제외국의 현황 및 식품참고량 설정방법을 조사 ·연구 하으며 제도도입 및 개선 방안을 강구하였파. 또한, 시판 제품의 영양료시현황 및 음료류 둥의 포장단위 등을 피악하여 식품참고량설정을 위한 기초자료로 활용코자 하였다. 앞으로 국민건강 ·영양조사자료의 체계적인 통계분석, 가공식품의 섭취량조사 등을 통하여 우리나라 국민의 1인 1회 섭취량자료의 축적이 선행되어야 할 것이다. The purpose of this ?roject is to study on the reference amounts customarily consumed per eating occasion to improve the nutrition labelling standards. We Performed to study on the methodology to establish the reference amounts on the basis of the review on the advanced counITy's status. And we investigated the packaged unit ofprocessed foods. Further study is needed to establlsh the customarily consumed amount per eating occasionthrough the statistical analysis of nationwide food consumption data. Our results will be helpful information to improve nutrition labelling system in Korea.

전경대원에서 발생한 결핵의 임상 양상

문창기,박상준,조민구,김영중,김소연,김윤권,정준오,안석진,김은실,서승오,김지훈,최원제,이윤영,박형기,최규영,김현근 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

Background: The purpose of this study was to document the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with tuberculosis (TB) in combat and auxiliary police, living in a group, in Korea where the incidence rate of active TB in a general population is higher than in Western countries. Materials and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all tuberculosis patients diagnosed at National Police Hospital from January 2002 through December 2004. Results:In 2002-2004, a total of 156 cases of tuberculosis were identified with the mean (Standard deviation) age of 20.6 (±1.0) years. Of these, 134 (85.9%) patients were registered as new cases, 11 (7.1%) as relapse, 2 (1.3%) as failure, 5 (3.1%) as treatment-after-default cases whereas 4 (2.6 %) patients were not included in any categories. Average annual new TB rate and smear-positive TB rate were 86.5/10^(5) and 17.4/10^(5) person-years, respectively. In 12 of 31 smear-positive cases, time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was more than 30 days. Two multidrug-resistance TB cases were identified and two suspected outbreak episodes of TB had occurred during 3 years. Conclusion:There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of new cases of TB between the general population aged 20 to 29 years and combat and auxiliary police in Korea. 배경 : 국내 결핵의 발생은 감소 추세에 있으나 여전히 후진국형 발생양상을 보이고 있다. 특히 집단생활을 하는 젊은이들에서 발생하는 결핵의 유행이 간헐적으로 알려지고 있어 우려를 낳고 있다. 이에 저자들은 최근 전경대원의 결핵 발병 양상에 대해 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 3년간 경찰병원에서 결핵 진료를 받은 전경대원의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여 연도별 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성결핵 신환율, 진단 지연, 집단발병, 다제내성결핵을 조사하였다. 결과 : 연도별 결핵 신환자 수(10만명당 발생추정치)는 2002년 50명(83.6명), 2003년 42명(83.7명), 2004년 42명(93.5명)이었고 도말양성 폐결핵 신환자 수는 2002년 10명(16.7명), 2003년 11명(21.9명), 2004년 6명(13.4명)이었다. 3년간 도말양성 폐결핵 환자는 31명이 있었고 그 중 12명은 호흡기 증상 발생 30일이 지나서 진단을 받았다. 다제내성 결핵은 2명이 있었으며 결핵의 집단발병이 의심되는 사례는 2차례 있었다. 결론 : 전경대원과 20-29세 연령군 일반인의 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성 폐결핵 발생률의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다.

내시경적 점막절제술로 치험한 식도 과립상 세포종 1례

강혁주,김성욱,최석진,이중현,장재식,서영범,윤병구,박건욱,김성자,김용섭,강승완,이구,양창헌,이창우,김욱년,이광헌,서정일 동국대학교 의학연구소 2000 東國醫學 Vol.7 No.-

과립상 세포종은 Schwann 세포 기원으로 생각되며 인체에 비교적 드물게 발생한다. 과립상 세포종은 전신 어느 곳에서나 발견될 수 있으나 주로 혀, 구강, 피부 혹은 유방 등에서 호발하며 드물게 위장관에서 발견된다. 위장관에서는 식도에서 가장 호발하며 다음으로 위, 대장 순이다. 과립상 세포종은 대부분, 특히 위장관에서는 양성이며 소수의 악성 병변이 보고되었다. 이러한 이유와 함께 수술 전의 진단이 어렵기 때문에 과립상 세포종에 대한 근본적인 치료는 현재까지 외과적 절제술이다. 최근에 시도되는 치료방법들로는 내시경적 레이저 치료, 용종절제술, 내시경적 점막 절제술 등이 있다. 저자들은 상부 소화관 내시경검사를 시행하여 식도 과립상 세포종을 진단하고 내시경적 점막 절제술을 시행하여 합병증 없이 퇴원하여 현재 재발없이 경과 관찰중인 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Granular cell tumors, which occur infrequently, are probably of Schwann cell origin. They can occur almost anywhere in the body but usually affect the tongue, oral cavity, skin, or breasts and are rarely found in the gastrointestinal tracts. The esophagus is the most frequent gastrointestinal site, followed by the stomach and the colon. Granular cell tumors are generally benign, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, some malignant lesions have been reported. For this reason, and also because preoperative diagnosis is difficult, the standard treatment for granular cell tumor has until now been surgical excision. In recent years, other therapeutic methods is endoscopic laser therapy (ELT), polypectiomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). We report a case of esophageal granular cell tumor which was diagnosed by an endoscopy and managed using an endoscopic mucosal resection without complication.