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Lee Sang-Eun,Lee Deog-Yong,Lee Wook-Gyo,Kang ByeongHak,Jang Yoon Suk,Ryu Boyeong,Lee SeungJae,Bahk Hyunjung,Lee Eungyu 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.3
This study aimed to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces frequently touched by COVID-19 patients, and assess the scope of contamination and transmissibility in facilities where the outbreaks occurred. In the course of this epidemiological investigation, a total of 80 environmental specimens were collected from 6 hospitals (68 specimens) and 2 “mass facilities” (6 specimens from a rehabilitation center and 6 specimens from an apartment building complex). Specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction targeting of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and envelope genes, were used to identify the presence of this novel coronavirus. The 68 specimens from 6 hospitals (A, B, C, D, E, and G), where prior disinfection/cleaning had been performed before environmental sampling, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. However, 2 out of 12 specimens (16.7%) from 2 “mass facilities” (F and H), where prior disinfection/cleaning had not taken place, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase, and envelope genes. These results suggest that prompt disinfection and cleaning of potentially contaminated surfaces is an effective infection control measure. By inactivating SARS-CoV-2 with disinfection/cleaning the infectivity and transmission of the virus is blocked. This investigation of environmental sampling may help in the understanding of risk assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak in “mass facilities” and provide guidance in using effective disinfectants on contaminated surfaces.
Bae, Eun-Ah,Seo, Hyungseok,Kim, Byung-Seok,Choi, Jeongwon,Jeon, Insu,Shin, Kwang-Soo,Koh, Choong-Hyun,Song, Boyeong,Kim, Il-Kyu,Min, Byung Soh,Han, Yoon Dae,Shin, Sang Joon,Kang, Chang-Yuil American Association for Cancer Research 2018 Cancer Research Vol.78 No.18
<P>These findings provide mechanistic insights into the application of NKT cell stimulation as a potent adjuvant for immunotherapy against advanced cancer.</P><P>PD-1–based cancer immunotherapy is a successful example of immune checkpoint blockade that provides long-term durable therapeutic effects in patients with cancer across a wide spectrum of cancer types. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-PD-1 therapy enhances antitumor immunity by reversing the function of exhausted T cells in the tumor environment. However, the responsiveness rate of patients with cancer to anti-PD-1 therapy remains low, providing an urgent need for optimization and improvement. In this study, we designed an anti-PD-1–resistant mouse tumor model and showed that unresponsiveness to anti-PD-1 is associated with a gradual increase in CD8 T-cell exhaustion. We also found that invariant natural killer T cell stimulation by the synthetic ligand α-galactosylceramide (αGC) can enhance the antitumor effect in anti-PD-1–resistant tumors by restoring the effector function of tumor antigen–specific exhausted CD8 T cells. IL2 and IL12 were among the cytokines produced by αGC stimulation critical for reinvigorating exhausted CD8 T cells in tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic increase in the antitumor effect between αGC-loaded antigen-presenting cells and PD-1 blockade in a therapeutic murine tumor model. Our study suggests NKT cell stimulation as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with anti-PD-1–resistant cancer.</P><P><B>Significance:</B> These findings provide mechanistic insights into the application of NKT cell stimulation as a potent adjuvant for immunotherapy against advanced cancer. <I>Cancer Res; 78(18); 5315–26. ©2018 AACR</I>.</P>
Kim Il-Hwan,Jang Jun-Hyeong,Jo Su-Kyoung,No Jin Sun,Seo Seung-Hee,Kim Jun-Young,Jung Sang-Oun,Kim Jeong-Min,Lee Sang-Eun,Park Hye Kyung,Kim Eun-Jin,Jeon Jun Ho,Choi Myung-Min,Ryu Boyeong,Jang Yoon Suk 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.5
Objectives The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published “A Guideline for Unknown Disease Outbreaks (UDO).” The aim of this report was to introduce tabletop exercises (TTX) to prepare for UDO in the future. Methods The UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in April 2018, assigned unknown diseases into 5 syndromes, designed an algorithm for diagnosis, and made a panel list for diagnosis by exclusion. Using the guidelines and laboratory analyses for UDO, TTX were introduced. Results Since September 9th, 2018, the UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force has been preparing TTX based on a scenario of an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus. In December 2019, through TTX, individual missions, epidemiological investigations, sample treatments, diagnosis by exclusions, and next generation sequencing analysis were discussed, and a novel coronavirus was identified as the causal pathogen. Conclusion Guideline and laboratory analyses for UDO successfully applied in TTX. Conclusions drawn from TTX could be applied effectively in the analyses for the initial response to COVID-19, an ongoing epidemic of 2019 – 2020. Therefore, TTX should continuously be conducted for the response and preparation against UDO.