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Effect of the Ethanol Extract of Propolis on Formation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm
Bog-Im Park,Yeon-Woo Jung,Young-Hoi Kim,Sang-Moo Lee,Lee-Seong Kwon,Kang-Ju Kim,So-Youn An,Na-Young Choi6,Yong-Ouk You 대한구강생물학회 2016 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.41 No.4
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the most important bacteria in the formation of dental plaque and dental caries. S. mutans adheres to an acquired pellicle formed on the tooth surface, and aggregates with many oral bacteria. It initiates plaque formation by synthesizing glucan from sucrose, which is catalyzed by glucosyltransferases. Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees, by mixing saliva and beeswax with secretions gathered from wood sap and flower pollen. Bees prevent pathogenic invasions by coating the propolis to the outer and inner surface of the honeycomb. Propolis has traditionally been used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and dermatitis. We investigated the inhibitory effects of propolis ethanol extract on biofilm formation and gene expression of S. mutans. The biofilm formation of S. mutans was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. We observed that the extract of propolis had an inhibitory effect on the formation of S. mutans biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.2 mg/ml. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of biofilm formation, such as gbpB, spaP, brpA, relA and vicR of S. mutans, was significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. The ethanol extract of propolis showed concentration dependent growth inhibition of S. mutans, and significant inhibition of acid production at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, compared to the control group. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of propolis inhibits gene expression related to biofilm formation in S. mutans.
Relationship between Soil Management Methods and Soil Chemical Properties in Protected Cultivation
( Yun Im Kang ),( In Bog Lee ),( Jin Myeon Park ),( Yong Gu Kang ),( Seung Heui Kim ),( Hyeon Seok Ko ),( Joon Kook Kwon ) 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회지 Vol.28 No.4
Various cultural practices have been promoted as management options for enhancing soil quality and health. The use of soil management methods can cause changes in fertility by affecting soil chemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate interactions between soil chemical properties and soil management methods in protected cultivation, and to classify soil management methods that similarly affect soil chemical properties. Water-logging and irrigation reduced soil pH and available P2O5 content. Application of animal manures has a positive effect on levels of organic matter, Av.P2O5, K, Zn, and Cu. The electrical conductivites tened to be low in the application of organic amendments, including rice and wood residues. Deeper plowing caused a reduction in Ca content. Practicing soil nutrient-considering fertilization and fertigation did not exert an influence on nutrient element contents. In a cluster analysis of the soil management methods according to major nutrients, low similarities were found with deeper plowing and crop rotation with rice in comparison with other practices. In a cluster analysis by minor nutrient characteristics, crop rotation and application of animal manures and rice residues were linked at a high Ward`s distance, while other practices were found to be relatively low distinct. Each soil management method has a similar or different effect on soil chemical properties. These results suggest the necessity of establishing limits and standards according to the effects of soil management methods on soil chemical properties for economic soil practices.
무기질 및 유기질 비료 시용이 고추 수량과 토양화학성에 미치는 영향
박진면(Jin Myeon Park),이인복(In Bog Lee),강윤임(Yun Im Kang),황기성(Ki Sung Hwang) 한국원예학회 2009 원예과학기술지 Vol.27 No.1
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mineral and organic fertilizer application on pepper (Capsicum annuum) yield and soil chemical properties for 14 years from 1994 to 2007. For the experiment, experimental plots were established on a sandy loam soil with six treatments, which consisted of no fertilization (N?P?K?), N+P+K standard fertilization (NPK), N+P+K+compost (NPKC), P+K+compost (PKC), N+P+compost (NPC), and N+K+compost (NKC). During the 14-yr experimental period, organic matter contents in soil increased continuously at the rate of 1.11-1.17 g·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>·yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in the treatments with compost applications and 0.51-0.55 g·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>·yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in treatment with no compost application. The soil available phosphate in N0P0K0 treatment increased at the rate of 3.6 ㎎·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>·yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, which was insignificant compared to those in compost applied treatments such as 16.1 ㎎·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>·yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in NKC and 45.0 ㎎·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>·yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in NPKC. As cultivation periods for pepper was extended, exchangeable potassium concentrations in soil tended to decline continuously. But, exchangeable potassium content in soil showed no further decline at the level of 0.22 c㏖·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP> in N?P?K? and 0.50-0.71 c㏖·㎏<SUP>-1</SUP> in NPK treatment. Fruit yield and the amount of nutrient absorbed by pepper increased in the following order: N?P?K? < PKC < NKC < NPK ≒ NPC < NPKC, indicating that hot pepper shows the greatest response to nitrogen. From the results of long-term mineral and organic fertilizer application, it is obvious that nitrogen is the important nutrient for production of pepper fruit. The amount of phosphate fertilization recommended currently for pepper should be reduced to avoid accumulation of phosphate in soil.