返本開新 : 從顔元的習行哲學看明末淸初的思想特点 근본으로 돌아가 새로운 것을 개척한다 Fronteering through Return to the Root

안병강 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2004 남명학연구 Vol.18 No.-

顔元은 중국 명말청초의 걸출한 사상가이자 교육가였다. 그는 야심찬 기백으로 2천여 년 동안의 학술 권위에 도전하고, 2천 년 동안 열지 못한 입을 열었고, 2천년 동안 대지 못한 붓을 대었다. 그는 漢學과 宋明理學을 맹렬하게 비판하고, 周公·孔子의 正學으로 되돌아갈 것을 강렬히 요구하였다. 그는 '復古'의 깃발을 내세워 유학의 새로운 형태에 대하여 탐구하였다. 그의 사상은 한 마디로 返本開新으로 특징지울 수 있다. 이런 사상을 근본으로 한 그의 사상적 특징을 좀더 구체적으로 살펴보면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 명말청초의 사상적 특징은 천하의 일을 자신의 임무로 하는 유학자들이 사회적 책임의식을 강하게 전개한 점인데, 안원에게서 그런 의식이 뚜렷이 나타난다. 안원은 "성인의 책을 읽으면 세상을 바꾸는 사람이 되어야지, 세상에 따라 바뀌는 사람이 되어서는 안 된다."라고 하여, 적극적인 사회 개혁을 주창하였다. 이처럼 그의 사상에 있어 가장 중요한 특징 중 하나가 세상을 바꾸자는 사회개혁사상이다. 둘째, 그의 사상에는 깊은 반성과 주체적 자각이 자리하고 있다. 안원은 이론을 내세울 때는 옳고 그른 점만 따져보고 같고 다른 점은 따지지 않았다고 한다. 이는 그의 학술적 자각이다. 또 안원은 옳은 것이라면 비록 한두 사람의 견해일지라도 바꿀 수 없다고 하였으니, 이는 높은 학문적 주체의식이다. 이런 반성과 주체적 자각을 통해 안원은 송명이학은 물론 한학까지도 철저히 비판하였다. 셋째, 안원은 배워서 실제에 응용하는 것을 중시하여, 用을 본체로 삼고 用을 학문으로 삼았다. 그는 兵·農·錢·穀·水·火·工·虞를 體이면서 用으로 보아, 體와 用을 하나로 보았다. 그의 習行哲學은 이런 사상에 기반하고 있다. 이러한 그의 사상적 특징으로부터 명말청초 중국철학의 새로운 동향을 엿볼 수 있다. 그런데 그가 숭상하고 실행한 習行哲學은 外在的인 사회에서는 그 결과를 볼 수 없었고, 학문 안에서만 탐구할 수밖에 없었다. Ahn, Won(顔元) who lived in the period from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty(明末淸初) was not only an outstanding scholar but also an educator. He challenged the academic authority, and opened the closed mouth, and held the not to be raised pen for two millenium, with his ambitious spirit. He claimed the returning to the study of Jeong-hak(正學) while criticizing anger the Han-hak(漢學) and the Song-myoung-ri-hak(宋明理學). His ideology characterized to 'Returning to the Root & Renewing(反本開新)' in a word. The concrete features of this ideology of him are summarized as follows; First, the academic features of from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty represented that the scholars who regarded the matter of grave concern to the state as their duty developed the social duty consciousness, Aim-won shows the same tendency. He initiated the theory of active social revolution, with saying "A person who read the book of saint must be a revolutionist not to be a traitor." Like this way, the most important feature of his ideology is the social revolution. Second, it take root a deep reflection and active self-awareness in his ideology. People say that he inquired into right or wrong not into same or differ when suggesting a theory. This is the very ideological self-awareness. And he shows outstanding academic self-confidence while saying, "It can not be modified the truth although it derived from minority." Ahn, Won criticized thoroughly Han-hak(漢學) and Song-myoung-ri-hak(宋明理學) with these selt-reflection and self-awareness. Third, he paid attention to the practice which of the application of learning, and he made the Funtion(用) to his study way. Moreover, he regarded that the Funtion and the Thing(體) as same thing such as military(兵), agriculture(農,) finance(錢,) grain(穀), irrigation(水), fire (火), mechanics(工), nature(虞). His practical philosophy is based on this ideology. We can observe a new tendency of China in the period from late Myoung to early Choung dynasty from these ideological features. However, the practical philosophy which respected and practiced by him, it could not produced its result in real society and just be researched in the area of academy.

The high dosage of earthworm (Eisenia andrei) extract decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus

Bing Chun Yan,Ki-Yeon Yoo,Joon Ha Park,Choong Hyun Lee,Jung Hoon Choi,Moo-Ho Won 대한해부학회 2011 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.44 No.3

Earthworm extract has shown anticancer characteristics. In the present study, we examined the effect of chronic treatment with a high dose of earthworm (Eisenia andrei) extract (EE) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of 3-week-old mice using 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for cell proliferation and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry for neuroblast differentiation, respectively. BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells were easily detected in the subgranular zone of the DG in vehicle (saline)-treated mice. However, BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells in the 500 ㎎/㎏ EE-treated mice decreased distinctively compared to those in the vehicle-treated mice. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and its protein level decreased markedly in the DG of the EE-treated group compared to those in the vehicle-treated group. These results indicate that chronic treatment with high dose EE decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, and that BDNF immunoreactivity decreased in the DG of EE-treated mice.

Archaeal Communities in Mangrove Soil Characterized by 16S rRNA Gene Clones

Bing Yan,Kui Hong,Zi-Niu Yu 한국미생물학회 2006 The journal of microbiology Vol.44 No.5

An archaeal 16S rRNA gene library was constructed from mangrove soil. Phylogenetic analysis revealed archaea in mangrove soil including the Crenarchaeota (80.4%) and Euryarchaeota (19.6%) phyla. The archaeal community in mangrove soil appears to be a mixture of organisms found in a variety of environments with the majority being of marine origin.

The high dosage of earthworm (Eisenia andrei) extract decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Yan, Bing Chun,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Park, Joon Ha,Lee, Choong Hyun,Choi, Jung Hoon,Won, Moo-Ho Korean Association of Anatomists 2011 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.44 No.3

<P>Earthworm extract has shown anticancer characteristics. In the present study, we examined the effect of chronic treatment with a high dose of earthworm (Eisenia andrei) extract (EE) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of 3-week-old mice using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for cell proliferation and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry for neuroblast differentiation, respectively. BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells were easily detected in the subgranular zone of the DG in vehicle (saline)-treated mice. However, BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells in the 500 mg/kg EE-treated mice decreased distinctively compared to those in the vehicle-treated mice. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and its protein level decreased markedly in the DG of the EE-treated group compared to those in the vehicle-treated group. These results indicate that chronic treatment with high dose EE decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, and that BDNF immunoreactivity decreased in the DG of EE-treated mice.</P>

Increased cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor-κB/p65 expression in mouse hippocampi after systemic administration of tetanus toxin

YAN, BING CHUN,JEON, YONG HWAN,PARK, JOON HA,KIM, IN HYE,CHO, JEONG-HWI,AHN, JI HYEON,CHEN, BAI HUI,TAE, HYUN-JIN,LEE, JAE-CHUL,AHN, JI YUN,KIM, DONG WON,CHO, JUN HWI,WON, MOO-HO,HONG, SEONGKWEON SPANDIDOS PUBLICATIONS 2015 MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS Vol.12 No.6

<P>Brain inflammation has a crucial role in various diseases of the central nervous system. The hippocampus in the mammalian brain exerts an important memory function, which is sensitive to various insults, including inflammation induced by exo/endotoxin stimuli. Tetanus toxin (TeT) is an exotoxin with the capacity for neuronal binding and internalization. The present study investigated changes in inflammatory mediators in the mouse hippocampus proper (CA1-3 regions) and dentate gyrus (DG) after TeT treatment. The experimental mice were intraperitoneally injected with TeT at a low dosage (100 ng/kg), while the control mice were injected with the same volume of saline. At 6, 12 and 24 h after TeT treatment, changes in the hippocampal levels of inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB/p65) were assessed using immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. In the control group, moderate COX-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the stratum pyramidal (SP) of the CA2-3 region, while almost no expression was identified in the CA1 region and the DG. COX-2 immunoreactivity was increased by TeT in the SP and granule cell layer (GCL) of the DG in a time-dependent manner. At 24 h post-treatment, COX-2 immunoreactivity in the SP of the CA1 region and in the GCL of the DG was high, and COX-2 immunoreactivity in the SP of the CA2/3 region was highest. Furthermore, the present study observed that NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity was obviously increased in the SP and GCL at 6, 12 and 24 h after TeT treatment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that systemic treatment with TeT significantly increased the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB/p65 in the mouse hippo-campus, suggesting that increased COX-2 and NF-κB/65 expression may be associated with inflammation in the brain induced by exotoxins.</P>

Both decreased Akt expression and mTOR phosphorylation are related to decreased neuronal differentiation in the hippocampal alveus of aged mice

Yan, Bing Chun,Jiang, Dan,Wang, Jie,Zhang, Yuanyuan,Zhu, Xiaolu,Xu, Pei,Yu, Xing,Won, Moo-Ho,Su, Pei Qing Springer-Verlag 2018 AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Vol.30 No.7

Long-term administration of scopolamine interferes with nerve cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, but it does not induce cell death

Yan, Bing Chun,Park, Joon Ha,Chen, Bai Hui,Cho, Jeong-Hwi,Kim, In Hye,Ahn, Ji Hyeon,Lee, Jae-Chul,Hwang, In Koo,Cho, Jun Hwi,Lee, Yun Lyul,Kang, Il-Jun,Won, Moo-Ho Medknow PublicationsMedia Pvt Ltd 2014 Neural regeneration research Vol.9 No.19

<P>Long-term administration of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, can inhibit the survival of newly generated cells, but its effect on the proliferation, differentiation and migration of nerve cells in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus remain poorly understood. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and western blot methods to weekly detect the biological behaviors of nerve cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice that received intraperitoneal administration of scopolamine for 4 weeks. Expression of neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN; a neuronal marker) and Fluoro-Jade B (a marker for the localization of neuronal degeneration) was also detected. After scopolamine treatment, mouse hippocampal neurons did not die, and Ki-67 (a marker for proliferating cells)-immunoreactive cells were reduced in number and reached the lowest level at 4 weeks. Doublecortin (DCX; a marker for newly generated neurons)-immunoreactive cells were gradually shortened in length and reduced in number with time. After scopolamine treatment for 4 weeks, nearly all of the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled newly generated cells were located in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, but they did not migrate into the granule cell layer. Few mature BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells were seen in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. These findings suggest that long-term administration of scopolamine interferes with the proliferation, differentiation and migration of nerve cells in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, but it does not induce cell death.</P>

Chronological changes in inflammatory cytokines immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration of high dosage of tetanus toxin.

Yan, Bing Chun,Park, Joon Ha,Kim, In Hye,Shin, Bich Na,Ahn, Ji Hyeon,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Lee, Deuk-Sik,Kim, Myong Jo,Kang, Il-Jun,Won, Moo-Ho Springer-Verlag 2012 Experimental brain research Vol.223 No.2

<P>Tetanus toxin (TeT) is an exotoxin and has a capacity for neuronal binding and internalization. In the present study, we compared changes in the immunoreactivities and protein levels of interleukin (IL-) 2 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and IL-4 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the hippocampus proper (HP) and dentate gyrus (DG) after systemic treatment of 10 or 100?ng/kg TeT into mice. In this study, we could not find any neuronal damage or loss in any subregions of the hippocampus after TeT treatment. In the control groups, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum pyramidal (SP) of the HP and in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the DG. At 6?h post-treatment, IL-2 immunoreactivity was hardly detected in the SP and GCL; however, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum oriens of the HP in both the groups. Thereafter, intermediate IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the SP and GCL. On the other hand, intermediate IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected in the SP and GCL of the control groups. At 6?h post-treatment, IL-4 immunoreactivity in the SP and GCL was apparently increased. Thereafter, IL-4 immunoreactivity was lower than that at 6?h post-treatment. In brief, IL-2 and 4 immunoreactivities were easily detected in SP and GCL in the controls and dramatically decreased and increased at 6?h post-treatment, respectively.</P>

Less hippocampal neuronal death in young gerbils following transient global cerebral ischemia is associated with long-term maintenance of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors in the hippocampal CA1 region

Yan, Bing Chun,Wang, Jie,Cao, Jianwen,Won, Moo-Ho D.A. Spandidos 2018 MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS Vol.17 No.2

<P>Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a well-known growth factor with well-defined neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. However, the age-dependent differences in the expression of IGF-1 and its receptor (IGF-1R) in the brain following transient cerebral ischemia (TCI) have not been elucidated. In the present study, the differences in IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region of young and adult gerbils 5 min following TCI were determined. Seven days following TCI, the neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region of young gerbils was significantly less than that observed in adult gerbils. In addition, the immunoreactivity, and levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the CA1 region of the normal young were higher than those in the normal adult. Four days following TCI, the immunoreactivity, and protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R were markedly decreased in the adult group. By contrast, in the young group, the immunoreactivity and expression levels were much greater than those in the adult group. However, 7 days following TCI, all immunoreactivity and expression levels were markedly decreased when compared with those in the normal adult and young groups. In addition, the immunoreactivity and expression levels in the young groups were significantly higher than those of the adult groups. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the higher and sustained expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the young gerbil hippocampal CA1 region following TCI may be associated with the reduced neuronal death compared to that in the adults.</P>

Comparison of trophic factors changes in the hippocampal CA1 region between the young and adult gerbil induced by transient cerebral ischemia.

Yan, Bing Chun,Park, Joon Ha,Kim, Sung Koo,Choi, Jung Hoon,Lee, Choong Hyun,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Kwon, Young-Geun,Kim, Young-Myeong,Kim, Jong-Dai,Won, Moo-Ho Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2012 Cellular and molecular neurobiology Vol.32 No.8

<P>In the present study, we investigated neuronal death/damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) and compared changes in some trophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in the CA1 between the adult and young gerbils after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Most of pyramidal neurons (89%) were damaged 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) in the adult; however, in the young, about 59% of pyramidal neurons were damaged 7 days after I-R. The immunoreactivity and levels of BDNF and VEGF, not GDNF, in the CA1 of the normal young were lower than those in the normal adult. Four days after I-R in the adult group, the immunoreactivity and levels of BDNF and VEGF were distinctively decreased, and the immunoreactivity and level of GDNF were increased. However, in the young group, all of their immunoreactivities and levels were much higher than those in the normal young group. From 7 days after I-R, all the immunoreactivities and levels were apparently decreased compared to those of the normal adult and young. In brief, we confirmed our recent finding: more delayed and less neuronal death occurred in the young following I-R, and we newly found that the immunoreactivities of trophic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, and VEGF, in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 in the young gerbil were much higher than those in the adult gerbil 4 days after transient cerebral ischemia.</P>