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Post-fracture Stimulation of in Vitro Osteogenesis Is Not Systemic
Dutra, Timothy F.,Bernard, George W. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 1998 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.23 No.4
Locally active post-fracture stimulation of in vitro osteogenesis was observed in this laboratory by Tibone and Bernard (1982). They found that rabbit femoral bone marrow showed a significant increase in the number of in vitro osteogenic colonies when collected 24 hours after antecedent fracture, compared to marrow from unfractured controls. Using the same tissue culture methods for counting bone colonies as a bioassay, we compared bone colonies from marrow cells obtained before and after surgical fracture of the contralateral fenur and found no significant difference in number of bone colonies formed. Comparing these results with those of Tibone and Bernard (1982), our conclusion is that a fracture causes local stimulation of the osteogenic cells of marrow, which is not manifested systemically.
Assessing the Case for Extending WTO Disciplines on Investment-Related Policies
( Bernard Hoekman ),( Kamal Saggi ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.4
In this paper we evaluate the potential benefits of international disciplines on policies towards foreign direct investment, paying particular attention to developing countries. We conclude that, at present, the case for initiating negotiations on investment policies is weak. Negotiations that center on improving market access on a nondiscriminatory basis, especially in services, are likely to be more fruitful: although imperfect, existing multilateral instruments such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services, are far from fully exploited and provide significant opportunities for governments to improve market access.
Trading Blocs and the Trading System: The Services Dimension
( Bernard Hoekman ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1995 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.10 No.1
This paper explores the relationship between regional and multilateral agreements to liberalize trade in services. Following a conceptual discussion of the political economy of regional as opposed to multilateral negotiations, existing data on trade and investment flows are analyzed with a view to gaining some insight into the likely interest group preferences regarding alternative institutional arrangements to liberalize trade in services. Conceptual considerations and available data suggest a preference for regional liberalization. But available data and a comparison of the content of the major existing agreements also suggests that regional and multilateral approaches are more likely to be considered by service industries and regulators to be complements than substitutes. (JEL: F13)
Japanese Kindergarten Teachers' Belief on Intellectual and Social Development
Bernard Spodek,Hiroshi Ashida,Riyo Kadota,Masatoshi Suzuki,Kiyomi Akita,Yutaka Oda,Takako Noguchi 한국유아교육학회 2004 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.10 No.1
Early childhood education in Japan has traditionally been described by researchers from abroad in dichotomous terms, for example, “individualism vs. collectivism,” “formal and intellectual learning vs. affective learning.” “independence vs. interdependence.” This study illustrates the facilitation of intellectual and social development by Japanese kindergarten teachers not as two opposing ideas, instead, it shows intellectual and social development as complementing each other as children develop intelligence and independence.Building on Tobin’s methodology and video recording of kindergartens, a new approach portrays teachers’ personal philosophies on early childhood education and instruction. Although the methodology can and will be improved, its basic validity has been affirmed.
Bernard Rowan 21세기정치학회 2005 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.15 No.3
I argue that Confucianism is a progressive value system for the ajumma. Confucianism for the ajumma represents a framework to bridge the structures of liberalism and feminism. It also breaks with central concepts of neo-Confucianism, though it is typically misunderstood in doing so. The paper summarizes the life conditions of ajumma and employs survey data to show how the ajumma utilize Confucian categories in new ways.