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Balamurugan, A.,Lee, Hyung-il American Chemical Society 2016 Macromolecules Vol.49 No.7
<P>A polymeric probe derived from a visible light responsive donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) was designed for the rapid and selective colorimetric detection of nerve agent mimics. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and dimethylacrylamide (DMA) were copolymerized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to yield poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide) [p(GMA-co-DMA)], herein P1. The epoxide unit of P1 was transformed to 1-((2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)-3-methoxypropan-2-ol by the reaction with 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, leading to P2. The subsequent reaction between the secondary amine of P2 with 5-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,SH)-trione yielded P3 with DASA derivatives. P3 exhibited the rapid and selective detection of diethyl cyanophosphate (DCNP), a mimic of the nerve agent, in both solution and the vapor phase. Upon the exposure to DCNP, the color of the P3 solution/film turned from purple to colorless due to the formation of morpholino cations, induced by DCNP-promoted intramolecular N-alkylation. The availability of the electron-rich N-alkyl unit in the triene unit of the DASA chromophore allowed P3 to show excellent sensing behavior toward DCNP. DASA-incorporated P3 has also shown excellent photochromic performance upon irradiation with visible light. Zwitterionic cyclopentenone units formed by irradiation with visible light prevented the DCNP-promoted intramolecular N-alkylation, resulting in no colorimetric responses toward DCNP. Thus, these photocontrollable properties of P3 can offer new insights into the design of new photoresponsive on off polymeric switches, for colorimetric on off detection of nerve agent mimics.</P>
Surgical outcomes of endoscopic versus open resection for the management of sinonasal malignancies
Balamurugan Rajendran 대한구강악안면외과학회 2020 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.46 No.6
The purpose of this review is to assess the surgical outcomes of two different treatment modalities, endoscopic and open resection, for the management of sinonasal malignancies by comparing the effectiveness of these two methods. A wide search was carried out considering various electronic databases for English language articles from 2013 to 2018 using keywords such as sinonasal malignancies, endoscopic surgery, open resection for sinonasal malignancies, and endoscopic versus open surgery. One thousand articles were identified from the literature for screening. After a thorough systematic assessment and based on the selection criteria, 10 articles with 4,642 patients were included in this quantitative analysis. With a total of 4,642 patients, 1,730 patients were operated on using endoscopic resection and 2,912 patients were operated on using open resection. The endoscopic approach was found to have a shorter hospital stay compared to open surgical resection (P<0.05). The rate of positive margins and the recurrence rate for open surgical resection were both smaller compared to those for endoscopic resection (P>0.05), and the endoscopic approach had smaller complication rates and a higher survival rate compared to open resection (P>0.05). Though endoscopic resection and open surgical resection have comparable postoperative benefits, preoperative evaluation of cases presenting with sinonasal malignancies is necessary for determining the right treatment method to obtain the best possible results postoperatively.
Balamurugan Mani,Saravanan Natarajan,Ha Heonjin,이윤호,Nam Ki Tae 나노기술연구협의회 2018 Nano Convergence Vol.5 No.18
Manganese plays multiple role in many biological redox reactions in which it exists in different oxidation states from Mn(II) to Mn(IV). Among them the high-valent manganese-oxo intermediate plays important role in the activity of certain enzymes and lessons from the natural system provide inspiration for new developments of artificial systems for a sustainable energy supply and various organic conversions. This review describes recent advances and key lessons learned from the nature on high-valent Mn-oxo intermediates. Also we focus on the elemental science developed from the natural system, how the novel strategies are realised in nano particles and molecular sites at heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction conditions respectively. Finally, perspectives on the utilisation of the high-valent manganese-oxo species towards other organic reactions are proposed.
Balamurugan, Jayaraman,Thanh, Tran Duy,Karthikeyan, Gopalsamy,Kim, Nam Hoon,Lee, Joong Hee Elsevier 2017 Biosensors & bioelectronics Vol.89 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A novel 3D nanocomposite of nitrogen doped Co-CNTs over graphene sheets (3D N-Co-CNT@NG) have been successfully fabricated via a simple, scalable and one-step thermal decomposition method. This 3D hierarchical nanostructure provides an admirable conductive network for effective charge transfer and avoids the agglomeration of NG matrices, which examine direct as well as non-enzymatic responses to glucose oxidation and H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> reduction at a low potential. The novel electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance towards glucose oxidation, with high sensitivity of 9.05μAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP>, a wide linear range from 0.025 to 10.83mM, and a detection limit of 100nM with a fast response time of less than 3s. Furthermore, non-enzymatic H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> sensors based on the 3D N-Co-CNT@NG electrode exhibited high sensitivity (28.66μAmM<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>−2</SUP>), wide linear range (2.0–7449μM), low detection limit of 2.0μM (S/N=3), excellent selectivity, decent reproducibility and long term stability. Such outstanding electrochemical performance can be endorsed to the large electroactive surface area, unique porous architecture, highly conductive networks, and synergistic interaction between N-Co-CNTs and nitrogen doped graphene (NG) in the novel 3D nanocomposite. This facile, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> sensors are also proven to be appropriate for the detection of glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in human serum.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A novel hierarchical 3D nitrogen doped Co-CNTs over graphene nanocomposite has been developed. </LI> <LI> The nanocomposite based electrode showed ultra-high sensitivity of 9.05μAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP>, excellent selectivity and ultra-low limit detection (100nM) for glucose. </LI> <LI> The novel electrode exhibited high sensitivity (28.66μAmM<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>−2</SUP>), selectivity and outstanding stability towards H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Biosensor electrode detect glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in human serum. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,Amutha, P.,John, M. Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2008 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.8 No.3
A new two dimensional (2-D) analytical model for the Threshold Voltage on dual material surrounding gate (DMSG) MOSFETs is presented in this paper. The parabolic approximation technique is used to solve the 2-D Poisson equation with suitable boundary conditions. The simple and accurate analytical expression for the threshold voltage and sub-threshold swing is derived. It is seen that short channel effects (SCEs) in this structure is suppressed because of the perceivable step in the surface potential which screens the drain potential. We demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits significantly reduced SCEs, thus make it a more reliable device configuration for high speed wireless communication than the conventional single material surrounding gate (SMSG) MOSFETs.
Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,John, M.Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2009 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.9 No.2
The prominent advantages of Dual Material Surrounding Gate (DMSG) MOSFETs are higher speed, higher current drive, lower power consumption, enhanced short channel immunity and increased packing density, thus promising new opportunities for scaling and advanced design. In this Paper, we present Transconductance-to-drain current ratio and electric field distribution model for dual material surrounding gate (DMSGTs) MOSFETs. Transconductance-to-drain current ratio is a better criterion to access the performance of a device than the transconductance. This proposed model offers the basic designing guidance for dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs.
Balamurugan, J.,Thanh, T.D.,Heo, S.B.,Kim, N.H.,Lee, J.H. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2015 Carbon Vol.94 No.-
A facile and cost-effective one-pot solvothermal method has been successfully developed to synthesize an N-doped graphene (NG) and copper-nickel oxide (CuNiO) composite. The novel NG/CuNiO composite is proposed to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitors and non-enzymatic glucose sensors. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate the formation of CuNiO nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 5.6nm, with good dispersion on the NG sheets. The composite exhibited an excellent specific capacity of ~892Fg<SUP>-1</SUP> (current density of 1Ag<SUP>-1</SUP>) and high long-cycle stability with a 98.5% retention in specific capacitance after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5Ag<SUP>-1</SUP>. This superior electrochemical performance is attributed to high charge mobility, the flexibility of the N-doped graphene structure, and the synergetic effect between CuNiO nanoparticles and NG sheets. Further, the proposed sensor exhibited rapid response (<10s), high sensitivity (7.49μAmM<SUP>-1</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP>), a wide detection range (0.2μM-0.3mM), good reproducibility, long-term stability, and a low detection limit 50nM (S/N=3). The NG/CuNiO composite electrode can be used for high performance supercapacitor and non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications.