Effect of Simulated Heat Stress on Digestibility, Methane Emission and Metabolic Adaptability in Crossbred Cattle

Yadav, Brijesh,Singh, Gyanendra,Wankar, Alok,Dutta, N.,Chaturvedi, V.B.,Verma, Med Ram Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.11

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of simulated heat stress on digestibility and methane ($CH_4$) emission. Four non-lactating crossbred cattle were exposed to $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$ temperature with a relative humidity of 40% to 50% in a climatic chamber from 10:00 hours to 15:00 hours every day for 27 days. The physiological responses were recorded at 15:00 hours every day. The blood samples were collected at 15:00 hours on 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 21st days and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. After 21 days, fecal and feed samples were collected continuously for six days for the estimation of digestibility. In the last 48 hours gas samples were collected continuously to estimate $CH_4$ emission. Heat stress in experimental animals at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ was evident from an alteration (p<0.05) in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, water intake and serum thyroxin levels. The serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity and protein, urea, creatinine and triglyceride concentration changed (p<0.05), and body weight of the animals decreased (p<0.05) after temperature exposure at $40^{\circ}C$. The dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) at $40^{\circ}C$ exposure. The dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ compared to $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ exposure whereas, organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ than $40^{\circ}C$ thermal exposure. The $CH_4$ emission/kg DMI and organic matter intake (OMI) declined (p<0.05) with increase in exposure temperature and reached its lowest levels at $40^{\circ}C$. It can be concluded from the present study that the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission were affected by intensity of heat stress. Further studies are necessary with respect to ruminal microbial changes to justify the variation in the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission during differential heat stress.

An Analytical Model of the First Eigen Energy Level for MOSFETs Having Ultrathin Gate Oxides

Yadav, B. Pavan Kumar,Dutta, Aloke K. The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2010 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.10 No.3

In this paper, we present an analytical model for the first eigen energy level ($E_0$) of the carriers in the inversion layer in present generation MOSFETs, having ultrathin gate oxides and high substrate doping concentrations. Commonly used approaches to evaluate $E_0$ make either or both of the following two assumptions: one is that the barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface is infinite (with the consequence that the wave function at this interface is forced to zero), while the other is the triangular potential well approximation within the semiconductor (resulting in a constant electric field throughout the semiconductor, equal to the surface electric field). Obviously, both these assumptions are wrong, however, in order to correctly account for these two effects, one needs to solve Schrodinger and Poisson equations simultaneously, with the approach turning numerical and computationally intensive. In this work, we have derived a closed-form analytical expression for $E_0$, with due considerations for both the assumptions mentioned above. In order to account for the finite barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface, we have used the asymptotic approximations of the Airy function integrals to find the wave functions at the oxide and the semiconductor. Then, by applying the boundary condition at the oxide-semiconductor interface, we developed the model for $E_0$. With regard to the second assumption, we proposed the inclusion of a fitting parameter in the wellknown effective electric field model. The results matched very well with those obtained from Li's model. Another unique contribution of this work is to explicitly account for the finite oxide-semiconductor barrier height, which none of the reported works considered.

Study of comparative aspects of gastroretentive delivery of cefixime trihydrate from microspheres and microsphere based tablets

Brahmeshwar Mishra,Alok Kumar Singh,Sarita Kumari Yadav 한국약제학회 2015 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.45 No.6

The research was performed to develop and evaluate floating gastroretentive microsphere based tablets of cefixime trihydrate (CFT) which shows poor oral bioavailability (40–50 %) due to narrow absorption window. The microspheres were prepared by varying ratios of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose using non-aqueous solvent evaporation method. Fourier transform infrared analysis of prepared microspheres demonstrated the compatibility of drug and polymers. Differential scanning calorimetric and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed changes in crystalline structure of CFT within the formulation. Scanning electron microscopy showed spherical and porous nature of microspheres. Microspheres were characterized for particle sizes (70–160 lm), percentage yield (84–95 %), and encapsulation efficiencies (35–80 %). Micrometric parameters such as angle of repose, Carr’s index were in acceptable limit and indicated microsphere elicited free flowing behaviour. Tableted microspheres illustrated buoyancy for more than 12 h as compared to drug tablets. In vitro release of drug was more controlled and prolonged on tableting the microspheres exhibiting biphasic pattern. Kinetically, microspheres followed Fickian (case I) diffusion mechanism while tableted microspheres followed non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous) mechanism for CFT release. Conclusively, tableting of microsphere into swellable and controlled release polymers like HPMC are expected to enhance gastric retention and bioavailability of CFT due to small particle size, changes in crystallinity of CFT, prolonged floating behavior and controlled release profile.

An Analytical Model of the First Eigen Energy Level for MOSFETs Having Ultrathin Gate Oxides

B. PAVAN KUMAR YADAV,ALOKE K. DUTTA 대한전자공학회 2010 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.10 No.3

In this paper, we present an analytical model for the first eigen energy level (E0) of the carriers in the inversion layer in present generation MOSFETs, having ultrathin gate oxides and high substrate doping concentrations. Commonly used approaches to evaluate E0 make either or both of the following two assumptions: one is that the barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface is infinite (with the consequence that the wave function at this interface is forced to zero), while the other is the triangular potential well approximation within the semiconductor (resulting in a constant electric field throughout the semiconductor, equal to the surface electric field). Obviously, both these assumptions are wrong, however, in order to correctly account for these two effects, one needs to solve Schrodinger and Poisson equations simultaneously, with the approach turning numerical and computationally intensive. In this work, we have derived a closed-form analytical expression for E0, with due considerations for both the assumptions mentioned above. In order to account for the finite barrier height at the oxide-semiconductor interface, we have used the asymptotic approximations of the Airy function integrals to find the wave functions at the oxide and the semiconductor. Then, by applying the boundary condition at the oxidesemiconductor interface, we developed the model for E0. With regard to the second assumption, we proposed the inclusion of a fitting parameter in the wellknown effective electric field model. The results matched very well with those obtained from Li’s model. Another unique contribution of this work is to explicitly account for the finite oxide-semiconductor barrier height, which none of the reported works considered.

Silkworm-food plant-interaction: search for an alternate food plant for tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury) rearing

( Manabendra Deka ),( Gargi ),( Rajendra Kumar ),( Harendra Yadav ),( Alok Sahay ) 한국잠사학회 2015 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.30 No.2

An experimental rearing of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury was conducted to study silkworm-food plant-interaction and thereby to search for an alternate silkworm food plant. The silkworm-food-plant-interaction was studied with six different food plant species viz. Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia belerica, Termina liachebula of Combretaceae family and Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lagerstroemia parviflora of Lythraceae family. The rearing performance of silkworm on Lagerstroemia speciosa in terms of cocoons per DFL and silk ratio was found comparable with Terminalia tomentosa and Termonalia arjuna, the primary tasar silkworm food plant species. These three plant species also possessed better results in terms of physiological (leaf moisture content and net photosynthesis rate) and biochemical (Chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents) characteristics to support silkworm rearing than Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula and Lagerstroemia parviflora. The correlation study between silkworm rearing performance and food plant’s constituents indicates commercial perspective of Lagerstroemia speciosa as an alternate food plant for tasar silkworm rearing.

Silkworm-food plant-interaction: search for an alternate food plant for tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury) rearing

Deka, Manabendra,Gargi, Gargi,Kumar, Rajendra,Yadav, Harendra,Sahay, Alok Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2015 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.30 No.2

An experimental rearing of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury was conducted to study silkworm-food plant-interaction and thereby to search for an alternate silkworm food plant. The silkworm-food-plant-interaction was studied with six different food plant species viz. Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula of Combretaceae family and Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lagerstroemia parviflora of Lythraceae family. The rearing performance of silkworm on Lagerstroemia speciosa in terms of cocoons per DFL and silk ratio was found comparable with Terminalia tomentosa and Termonalia arjuna, the primary tasar silkworm food plant species. These three plant species also possessed better results in terms of physiological (leaf moisture content and net photosynthesis rate) and biochemical (Chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents) characteristics to support silkworm rearing than Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula and Lagerstroemia parviflora. The correlation study between silkworm rearing performance and food plant's constituents indicates commercial perspective of Lagerstroemia speciosa as an alternate food plant for tasar silkworm rearing.

Bedside ultrasonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter for monitoring of intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury patients: a cross sectional study in level II trauma care center in India

Sujit J. Kshirsagar,Anandkumar H,Sanyogita V. Naik,Alok Yadav,Ruchira M. Sakhala,Sangharsh M. Salve,Aysath Nuhaimah,Priyanka Desai 대한중환자의학회 2024 Acute and Critical Care Vol.39 No.1

Background: Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is an emerging non-invasive, easily accessible, and possibly useful measurement for evaluating changes in intracranial pressure (ICP). The utilization of bedside ultrasonography (USG) to measure ONSD has garnered increased attention due to its portability, real-time capability, and lack of ionizing radiation. The primary aim of the study was to assess whether bedside USG-guided ONSD measurement can reliably predict increased ICP in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.Methods: A total of 95 patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit was included in this cross sectional study. Patient brain computed tomography (CT) scans and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were assessed at the time of admission. Bedside USG-guided binocular ONSD was measured and the mean ONSD was noted. Microsoft Excel ) was used for statistical analysis.Results: Patients with low GCS had higher mean ONSD values (6.4±1.0 mm). A highly significant association was found among the GCS, CT results, and ONSD measurements (p < 0.001). Compared to CT scans, the bedside USG ONSD had 86.42% sensitivity and 64.29% specificity for detecting elevated ICP. The positive predictive value of ONSD to identify elevated ICP was 93.33%, and its negative predictive value was 45.00%. ONSD measurement accuracy was 83.16%.Conclusions: Increased ICP can be accurately predicted by bedside USG measurement of ONSD and can be a valuable adjunctive tool in the management of TBI patients.