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Plasma zinc's alter ego is a low-molecular-weight humoral factor
Ou, Ou,Allen-Redpath, Keith,Urgast, Dagmar,Gordon, Margaret-Jane,Campbell, Gill,Feldmann, Jö,rg,Nixon, Graeme F.,Mayer, Claus-Dieter,Kwun, In-Sook,Beattie, John H. The Federation of American Societies for Experimen 2013 The FASEB Journal Vol.27 No.9
<P>Mild dietary zinc deprivation in humans and rodents has little effect on blood plasma zinc levels, and yet cellular consequences of zinc depletion can be detected in vascular and other tissues. We proposed that a zinc-regulated humoral factor might mediate the effects of zinc deprivation. Using a novel approach, primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with plasma from zinc-deficient (<1 mg Zn/kg) or zinc-adequate (35 mg Zn/kg, pair-fed) adult male rats, and zinc levels were manipulated to distinguish direct and indirect effects of plasma zinc. Gene expression changes were analyzed by microarray and qPCR, and incubation of VSMCs with blood plasma from zinc-deficient rats strongly changed the expression of >2500 genes, compared to incubation of cells with zinc-adequate rat plasma. We demonstrated that this effect was caused by a low-molecular-weight (∼2-kDa) zinc-regulated humoral factor but that changes in gene expression were mostly reversed by adding zinc back to zinc-deficient plasma. Strongly regulated genes were overrepresented in pathways associated with immune function and development. We conclude that zinc deficiency induces the production of a low-molecular-weight humoral factor whose influence on VSMC gene expression is blocked by plasma zinc. This factor is therefore under dual control by zinc.—Ou, O., Allen-Redpath, K., Urgast, D., Gordon, M.-J., Campbell, G., Feldmann, J., Nixon, G. F., Mayer, C.-D., Kwun, I.-S., and Beattie, J. H. Plasma zinc's alter ego is a low-molecular-weight humoral factor.</P>
보건관리자의 직능별 직업 및 조직 헌신도에 대한 비교 연구
이경용,이기범,Natalie j.Allen,조영숙 한국직업건강간호학회 1998 한국직업건강간호학회지 Vol.7 No.1
This study was carried out in order to confirm the reliability and validity of the commitment inventor developed by Meyer and Allen, and to investigate commitment level of health manager, to compare two different professionals of health manager such industrial health nurse and industrial hygienist to find out some characteristics that have effect on commitment. This survey was done by self -administered questionnaire to 227 respondents as the trainees of Industrial Safety Training Center, KISCO from June to December 1996. Authors classified commitment into two categories : professional commitment and organizational commitment, and these two types of commitments have three different aspects affective, continuance, and normative commitment based on Meyer's inventory. The results were as follows: 1. Items of whole scales of the both type of commitments have three factors that represent three aspects of commitment ; affective, continuance, and normative commitment. This means that each type of commitment was reliable to use as measurement tool of three different aspects of commitment. Classification of items by factor analysis was more consistent in professional commitment than organizational commitment, Among 16 items of organizational commitment, four items were classified into different aspects of commitment with similar factor loading. 2. Commitment level of industrial health nurse was higher than that of industrial hygienist in affective, continuance professional commitment controlled by other characteristics. These differences can be due to other characteristics of specific task and background of health managers that were not used in this study. 3. The level of affective professional commitment was statistically different in age, sex, education level, and that of organizational commitment was statistically different in only two variables such as age, and job tenure. The level of continuance professional and organizational commitments were different in sex group, but past history of employ went have effect on continuance organizational commitment. The level of normative organizational commitment was affected by only age. As the above results, the tools of measurement of commitment developed by Meyer and Allen can be useful to measure the level of commitment of health manager. Three aspects of two types of commitments were influenced by different characteristics of health manager. Authors suggested future study on the affecting variables to the commitment such as background, task of health manager and organizational characteristics.
CONSTRUCTION OF MANY d-ALGEBRAS
Allen, Paul J. Korean Mathematical Society 2009 대한수학회논문집 Vol.24 No.3
In this paper we consider constructive function triples on the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ and on (not necessarily commutative) integral domains D which permit the construction of a multitude of d-algebras via these constructive function triples. At the same time these constructions permit one to consider various conditions on these d-algebras for subsets of solutions of various equations, thereby producing geometric problems and interesting visualizations of some of these subsets of solutions. In particular, one may consider what notions such as "locally BCK" ought to mean, certainly in the setting provided below.
DEFORMATIONS OF d/BCK-ALGEBRAS
Allen, Paul J.,Kim, Hee-Sik,Neggers, Joseph Korean Mathematical Society 2011 대한수학회보 Vol.48 No.2
In this paper, we study the effects of a deformation mapping on the resulting deformation d/BCK-algebra obtained via such a deformation mapping. Besides providing a method of constructing d-algebras from BCK-algebras, it also highlights the special properties of the standard BCK-algebras of posets as opposed to the properties of the class of divisible d/BCK-algebras which appear to be of interest and which form a new class of d/BCK-algebras insofar as its not having been identified before.
THE ECU AND THE TRANSITION TO EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION
ALLEN, POLLY REYNOLDS 한국국제경제학회 1992 International Economic Journal Vol.6 No.1
The private ECU markets have developed as Eurocurrency markets because of the ECU's portfolio attractions ㅡ a combination of return and exchange risk unobtainable at such low cost from the national currencies. The private ECU functions in the Eurocurrency and foreign exchange markets as a true currency, but supports very few transactions in good and services and depends upon the private banks to maintain its basket exchange rate. The possiblities of the ECU being used more for transactions, with liquidity implications for the EC, and of the banks failing to maintain the basket rate, suggest the need for an EC insitution to issue base money ECUs during the transition to monetary union.