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Degradation and fate of N-nitrosamines in water by UV photolysis
Afzal, A.,Kang, J.,Choi, B.M.,Lim, H.J. Elsevier BV 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL Vol.52 No.-
Carcinogenic nitrosamines have received much attention due to their formation in CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture processes and probable emission into the atmosphere. Fortunately, nitrosamines are decomposed by exposure to UV irradiation. This may be an effective strategy to degrade nitrosamines, forming more benign products in the process. In this work, UV photolysis was used to examine the degradation kinetics and fate of nitrosamines (i.e., N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)) in water at 40<SUP>o</SUP>C. Nearly all nitrosamines were decomposed within the first 10min of photodegradation using 4W, low pressure Hg lamp. Pseudo-first order reaction rate constants were 1.8x10<SUP>-2</SUP>, 2.6x10<SUP>-2</SUP>, 2.6x10<SUP>-2</SUP>, 2.3x10<SUP>-2</SUP>, and 1.4x10<SUP>-2</SUP>L/W-min for NDEA, NDBA, NDMA, NDELA, and NPYR, respectively. There was minimal change in total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting negligible loss of nitrosamines and photodegradation products by evaporation.
Efficient and Reliable MPEG-4 Multicast MAC Protocol for Wireless Networks
Afzal, Muhammad Khalil,Kim, Byung-Seo,Kim, Sung Won IEEE 2015 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT Vol.64 No.3
<P>Multicasting is the transmission of data to a group of nodes identified by a single destination address. Furthermore, multicasting is considered as an appropriate transmission method for multimedia services. Multimedia applications are expected to become more prevalent over mobile ad hoc networks in the near future. Therefore, achieving reliability in multimedia communications is an important task. Video compression technologies are about reducing and removing redundant video data so that a digital video file can be effectively sent over a network. With modern compression standards, such as Moving Picture Expert Group 2 (MPEG-2), MPEG-4, and H.264, which is also known as advanced video coding MPEG-4 part 10, losses of different frames have different impacts on video quality. In this paper, we propose a leader-based reliable multicast medium-access control layer protocol for multimedia applications to enhance video quality. We present a Markov chain model and numerical formulation of our proposed protocol. Simulation results show that our proposed method is better than other protocols in terms of the number of decodable frames, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and video quality.</P>
Personalization of wellness recommendations using contextual interpretation
Afzal, Muhammad,Ali, Syed Imran,Ali, Rahman,Hussain, Maqbool,Ali, Taqdir,Khan, Wajahat Ali,Amin, Muhammad Bilal,Kang, Byeong Ho,Lee, Sungyoung Elsevier 2018 expert systems with applications Vol.96 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A huge array of personalized healthcare and wellness systems are introduced into the portfolio of digital health and quantified-self movement in recent years. These systems share common capabilities including self-tracking/monitoring and self-quantifications, based on the raw sensory data. These capabilities provide solid ground for the users to be more aware of their health; however, such measures are inefficient for changing the unhealthy habits of the users. In order to induce healthy habits in the users, a system must be capable of generating context-aware personalized recommendations. The main obstacle in this regard is the contextual interpretation of recommendations based on user's current context and contextual preferences. To resolve these issues, we propose a methodology of cross-context interpretation of recommendations (CCIR) for personalized health and wellness services. The CCIR method adds additional capabilities to the traditional reasoning methods and builds advanced form of the reasoning with the incorporation of contextual factors in the process of interpretations of the recommendations. With CCIR, the self-quantification systems can be enhanced to generate personalized recommendations in addition to tracking, quantifying, and monitoring user activities. In order to validate the proposed CCIR methodology, a set of 40 contextual scenarios and corresponding recommendations are presented for the evaluation collected from 40 different end users and 10 domain experts. Using chi-square test evaluation, the results demonstrated acceptable “goodness of fit” indices for the system developed on proposed CCIR methodology with respect to the end users’ opinion. Also from the statistical observation, it is found that there exists a higher level agreement towards the system between the participants of both end users and experts.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A method for cross-context interpretations of health and wellness recommendations. </LI> <LI> A mechanism of refining generalized recommendations to personalized recommendations. </LI> <LI> The contextual interpretations are made for increasing the user acceptability of a system. </LI> </UL> </P>
Afzal Muhammad Babar Shahzad,Riaz Muhammad,Shad Sarfraz Ali,Ijaz Mamuna 한국응용곤충학회 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.25 No.4
Emamectin benzoate, a non-systemic, translaminar, and broad spectrum insecticide, is excessively used in cotton. It kills the pest by suppressing the muscle contraction. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudo coccidae) is one of the major sap sucking pests of cotton in many countries and has been shown resistance to various insecticides. In this study, we have continuously selected P. solenopsis with emamectin benzoate in the laboratory from G 3 to G 18 to determine the resistance development and resistance risk to emamectin benzoate and also to evaluate the dynamics of cross-resistance (CR) development with three other insecticides. After continuing selection of P. solenopsis for 16 generations with emamectin benzoate, the emamectin selected strain (Ema-SEL) developed a 280.15-fold resistance when tested at G 19 . Ema-SEL strain showed no CR to abamectin (0.28–1.65-fold), and profenofos (0.12–0.29-fold), but a very low to low CR to cypermethrin (6.02–11.29-fold). Abamectin was negatively cross-resistant with emamectin benzoate in Ema-SEL strain at G 13 , G 15 and G 19 while profenofos also exhibited similar results at G 13 , G 15 , G 17 and G 19 . Realized heritability (h 2 ) of resistance to emamectin benzoate was 0.24 from G 3 to G 19 . The results of projected rate of resistance development showed that if h 2 = 0.24, 0.34, and 0.44 at slope = 1.08, then 2.03, 1.43, and 1.11 generations, respectively are required for tenfold increase in LC 50 at 95 % selection intensity. Results of the present study suggested that P. solenopsis has the ability to develop resistance to emamectin benzoate but it can be managed by the alternate use of other insecticides including abamectin, profenofos and cypermethrin due to lack of/or very low to low CR with these insecticides.
Comparative analysis of switched inductor-based quasi-Z-source inverters
Afzal, Raheel,Tang, Yu,Song, Yinghao The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2022 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.22 No.10
A switched-inductor quasi-Z-source inverter (SI-qZSI) exhibits a higher gain than a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) while keeping continuous input current. Like renewable power generation systems that result in low input voltage, SI-qZSI exhibits boosting ability that may not be adequate in some cases. A voltage-lifting unit can be formed by alternating one of the diodes in the switch inductor unit. A high step-up topology, such as qZSI with voltage-lifting unit (qZSI-VL), can be derived. The boosting factor of qZSI-VL can be enhanced further by retaining all the merits of the SI-qZSI. The overall conduction loss can be reduced under the same output and input voltage for the qZSI-VL, thereby enhancing efciency. In this study, the analysis of the qZSI-VL and its operating principle are explained. The characteristic comparison of qZSI-VL with the SI-qZSI and qZSI is discussed in detail. Finally, the prototypes of qZSI-VL and SI-qZSI are designed in the lab. Simulation and experiments are performed to verify the analysis.
Shape Optimization of Micro-channel Heat Sink for Micro-electronic Cooling
Afzal Husain(후세인아프잘),Kwang-Yong Kim(김광용) 한국유체기계학회 2006 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
A numerical investigation of three dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer in a rectangular micro-channel has been carried out using water as a cooling fluid in a silicon substrate. Navier-Stokes and energy equations for laminar flow and conjugate heat transfer are solved using a finite volume solver. Solutions are first carefully validated with the experimental results available; the shape of the micro-channel is then optimized using surrogate methods. Ratios of width of the micro-channel to depth and width of the fin to depth are selected as design variables. Design points are selected through three level D-optimal designs. A single objective function thermal resistance, formulated using pumping power as constraint, is optimized. Response surface analysis, Kriging and Radial basis neural network methods are applied to construct surrogates and the optimum point is searched by sequential quadratic programming.