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김현노,김유선 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2019 한국환경경제학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.경제학 공동
최근 기후변화에 따른 빈번한 국지성 호우로 인해 한강수계 상류지역에 위치한 고랭지농업지대에서 다량의 화학비료와 농약이 포함된 토사가 하천으로 유입되고 있으며 이는 중·하류지역 상수원 수질에 심각한 악영향을 끼치고 있다. 이에 한강수계관리기금에서는 한강수계의 수질개선을 위해 상류지역 토지매수사업, 흙탕물저감사업 등을 시행해왔으나 사업의 실효성과 기금의 비효율적인 운영에 대한 문제가 끊임없이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한강수계 상류지역의 고랭지 지역을 1)친환경농지(화학 비료 사용 감소)로 전환하거나, 2) 환경친화적 농법이용(토지매수 및 장기임대)으로 전환할 경우, 한강수계 주요 상수원인 팔당댐의 수질 개선에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 팔당 상수원 수질이 개선됨에 따라 수도권 주민들이 얻게 될 편익과 환경친화적 농지 전환에 소요될 비용을 추정하여 이에 대한 경제성 평가를 시행하였다. 그 결과, 친환경농지전환과 전체토지 매수 각각에 대한 경제성이 확보되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 경제성 분석 결과를 바탕으로 효율적인 한강수계관리기금 활용을 통해 수질개선의 효과가 가시화 될 수 있도록 토지매수 사업 및 친환경농업부문 투자사업에 대한 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.
김현노,안소은,김충기 한국환경연구원 2018 환경포럼 Vol.227 No.-
본고는 InVEST의 Water Yield 모델을 통해 도출된 물공급 추정량을 바탕으로 이용주체 및 사용 용도에 따라 물 이용량을 산출하였다. 대권역별로 생활용수 이용량, 공업용수 이용량, 농업용수 이용량 및 생태계 유지에 필요한 물의 이용량으로 구분하였으며 용도별 단위 가치를 도출한 후 물공급서비스의 경제적 가치를 추정하였다. 본고의 결과는 물 이용자에게 생태계 서비스의 중요성을 제고하고 지속가능한 물공급서비스 정책 수립에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.
순환골재 관련 환경규제의 효과성 및 경제적 파급효과 분석
김현노,조일현,류환희 한국환경정책학회 2022 환경정책 Vol.30 No.4
본 연구는 순환골재 환경규제가 기존의 산업을 녹색화하고 새로운 시장을 창출하여 녹색경제 달성에 기여하였는지를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 순환골재 관련 환경규제의 환경-경제 측면의 효과성과 경제 파급효과를 분석하였다. 먼저 환경적 측면에서 규제 강화 이후 천연골재 채취량은 감소한 반면 건설폐기물 재활용률은 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 경제적 측면에서 순환골재 중간처리 및 수집운반 사업체 수가 모두 규제 강화 이후 증가하였으며 해당 업체들의 당기순이익과 고용자 수도 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이중차분법을 이용하여 순환골재 환경규제의 경제 파급효과를 분석한 결과 순환골재 환경규제의 적용을 받는 업체들이 그렇지 않은 업체들에 비해 규제 강화 이후 고용자 수는 5~6명 내외, 자산총계는 19.2억~31.1억 원 더 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 환경규제가 지속적으로 그 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 규제의 실효성에 대한 검증과 규제사후영향평가가 필수적인데, 본 연구에서는 분석결과를 바탕으로 규제사후영향평가에서 해당 환경규제의 환경-경제성 효과성 검증과 경제 파급효과에 대한 성과분석을 반영할 것을 제시하였다.
수질 개선을 위한 환경친화적 농지 이용 전환의 경제성 평가
김현노,안소은 한국환경연구원 2019 환경포럼 Vol.233 No.-
본고는 한강수계 수질에 악영향을 미치는 한강 상류지역의 고랭지 농업지역이 환경친화적 농지(토지 매수, 친환경 농법 전환)로 전환됨에 따른 수질 개선 시의 경제적 타당성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 해당 정책으로 인한 수질 개선 편익과 정책 실행에 소요되는 비용을 각각 추정하여 경제성 분석을 시행하였다. 수질 개선에 따른 한강 중·하류 주민들의 편익분석을 위해 피벗 스타일의 실험 디자인을 적용한 선택실험법을 사용하였다. 선택실험 설계 시 한강 중·하류 가구의 수질에 대한 인식을 측정 하였으며, 수질지표 중 T-P의 과학적인 수치와 연계하여 편익을 추정하였다. 본고는 CNL모형과 ECL모형(효용함수의 오차항 구성에 유연한 구조를 허용하는 계량경제 기법)을 사용하였다. 고랭지를 친환경적인 농지로 전환하는 데 소요되는 비용을 분석하기 위해 비점오염관리지역 내에 위치한 고랭지의 토지 매수 비용 및 친환경 농법 전환에 따른 보조금 지원 규모를 추정하였다. 연구 결과, 전체 토지 매수 및 친환경 농지 전환 각각에 대한 경제성이 확보되는 것으로 나타났다. 경제성 분석 결과를 바탕으로, 본고에서는 수질 개선의 효과가 가시화될 수 있도록 토지 매수 사업 및 친환경 농업 부문 투자 사업에 대한 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.
김현노,강성원,안소은,김종호,이정석,최아름,박선주,강희찬 한국환경연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-
Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ Since the UN adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Development Agenda, the importance of harmonized development of the environment, economy, and society as well as the securement of environmental sustainability in economic growth has been growing. □ In addition, the 2012 Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) highlighted the importance of a “green economy” in the context of sustainable development and ending poverty. ㅇ It is time to explore the possibility of improving the structure of environmental regulations that can meet economic demand while reducing environmental risks. □ This study focuses on environmental regulations in various government policies for the recent transition to the green economy to find out whether there are environmental regulations that induce changes in the production structure or value chain that can ultimately expand or create green industries through existing industries. Ⅱ. Linkages between the Green Economy and Environmental Regulations 1. Discussion of green economy and conceptual definition □ The definition of “green economy” as suggested by UNEP (2012) is related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to improve human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcity. ㅇ The UNEP’s approach to the green economy concerns environmental issues and aims to reduce environmental pollution and promote human well-being and social equity through policy interventions. The regulation is one of them. □ The green economy as a higher concept may be too comprehensive to approach. So this study focused on green/environmental industry, one of the components of the green economy. The ultimate goal of this study is to examine improvements among environmental regulations to promotethe green industry. 2. Definition and classification of environmental regulation □ Environmental regulation needs to be discussed as 1) a policy objective of environmental protection and/or environmental conservation, 2) the formation and enforcement authority of environmental regulations and 3) the nature and type of regulation as public constraint and intervention. □ This study defined the scope of environmental regulations which focused on sustainable development policy under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment. Environmental regulations are divided into three types: direct regulation through command-control methods, economic inducement via market-based mechanisms and information delivery methods. 3. Relationship between the green economy and environmental regulations □ In general, deregulation has been known to boost economic growth but this is not always true. □ If regulation creates a new market and activates the market, regulation can have a positive economic, social, and environmental impact. ㅇ Regulation is generally introduced to eliminate or mitigate inefficiencies caused by market failures. Strengthening environmental regulations can improve the efficiency of the economy and ultimately result in a positive impact on economic growth. - However, regulation introduced to mitigate market failures may cause government failures due to excessive implementation costs, which may hinder the corporate investment inducement and cause other forms of economic inefficiency, such as weakening trade competitiveness. □ The green industry that this study focused on is created by environmental regulation; this study suggests how to enhance the effectiveness of regulations to promote the green industry in terms of both supply and demand. Ⅲ. Trend Analysis in Environmental Regulation: Administrative Aspect □ This study classified each regulation newly established or reinforced by the Ministry of Environment over five years from 2013-2017 by regulatory method (means-based regulation/management-based regulation/performancebased regulation, command and control/economic incentives, positive/negative method, direct/self-regulatory regulation). □ Most of the regulations were found to be means-based regulations, regardless of sector. ㅇ Means-based regulations have a powerful effect on preventing environmental problems in advance, but this type of regulation can be a barrier for start-ups that want to enter the market. □ In the atmospheric environment sector, performance-based regulations (emissions limits criteria) were found to be somewhat higher than in other sectors. □ The appropriateness of environmental regulatory measures may vary depending on the nature of the sector and the nature of the regulation. Ⅳ. Trend Analysis in Environmental Regulation: Green Economy Aspect □ In accordance with the recent transition to a green economy there are many regulations that have an impact on the greening of industries or on creating new green industries. ㅇ Trend analysis showed that among 105 regulations, 74 in the atmospheric environment sector have an impact on green industry, among which 69 regulations are related to the greening of industries and 5 regulations are associated with creating new green industries. - The regulations in this sector are expected to gradually intensify in order to achieve the government’s goals to reduce PM2.5 and ensure a safe and pleasant life in response to climate change. ㅇ In the water environment sector, 39 regulations are related to green industry out of 101 total regulations; 35 regulations are related to the greening of industries, and 4 regulations are associated with creating new green industries. ㅇ In the chemical sector, with 98 regulations in total, there were 34 regulations related to green industry; 32 regulations were related to the greening of industries and 2 regulations related to the creation of new green industries. ㅇ There are in total 130 regulations in the field of recycling, among which 81 regulations had an impact on the green industry. Among them, 56 regulations are related to the greening of industries and 25 regulations are associated with creating new green industries. - Regulations related to the creation of green industries were found to be higher than those in other sectors. - The regulations of this sector applied the concept of circular economy (cycle of resource use-product design-recycling-energy recovery, etc.). □ We found that the greening of industries and creating green industries are complementary to each other; new green industries are created through the greening of industries and they contribute to the creation of jobs in related fields. □ In the case of regulations related to green industries, which have been recently established and have grown over the last five years, most of the regulations are proactive and enforceable, and due to regulations of the generation stage, are consistent in each sector. □ We found that in order to boost the green industries, it is necessary to consider the diversity of regulations (compulsory, voluntary and motivebased). Ⅴ. Measuring the Performance of Environmental Regulation on Green Industry: A Case Study of Recycled Aggregate □ Based on the trend analysis we selected a regulation which is associated with the mandatory use of recycled aggregate. The purpose of this regulation is to promote the recycling of construction waste and stabilize aggregate supply and demand. Using this case study, we examined whether regulatory goals are achieved and whether there is a difference in satisfaction levels among stakeholder who are affected by this regulation. In addition, we also identified the indirect impact of this regulation on green industries such as creation of new industry and related jobs. □ Results have shown that regulatory goals have been achieved to some extent, but differences exist between the regulated and the regulator in the process of implementing regulation. ㅇ It is necessary to consider various policy measures to enhance the effectiveness of regulation from the perspective of the regulated. - Apart from this regulation, new regulations associated with demand generation through product quality improvement, motivation through market incentive regulation and follow-up management including monitoring are required. Ⅵ. Conclusion □ This study intended to focus on basic research for future research as a continuing project for the third year. □ First, we defined the green economy as a subconcept and looked at the green industry and environmental regulations that make up the green economy. ㅇ The need for policy intervention to achieve environmental issues was put forward, as was the need for effective policies to a achieve green economy. □ Second, the study described the consistency of regulatory means and reviewed the possibility of a regulatory transition. It also discussed the diversity of regulations in terms of the green economy by analyzing the recently established and strengthened regulations in administrative and green economy terms. □ Third, as the case study of the environmental regulations related to the green economy found pain points for stakeholders apart from the achievement of regulatory objectives, a consideration of various policy measures to ensure the effectiveness of regulations and the need to understand the characteristics of the regulated were presented. □ Fourth, a database of environmental regulations was established, and the basic data for analyzing the ripple effects of future regulations were established through the review of the use of green economic indicators and the presentation of indicators. □ This study presents a long-term research roadmap based on the implications of the first year. ㅇ The study raised the need to discuss the rationality of regulatory design to enhance the effectiveness of regulation and the comprehension of regulatory characteristics by the regulated and by sector to enhance the adaptability of stakeholders. ㅇ It also raised the need for research in terms of consumers and suppliers of the environmental regulations and by conducting the related research on an annual basis, it finally presented comprehensive analysis tools from the perspective of consumers and suppliers of regulation. ㅇ As a result, it is suggested that environmental regulations be improved to promote the green economy.
김현노,안소은,김충기,전호철,정다운,이홍림,홍현정,한선영,최병웅,최새미 한국환경연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-
Ⅰ. Research Background and Purpose 1. Background and purpose □ To assist rational decision making that considers environmental values, it is necessary to conduct integrated environmental and economic analysis that connects analysis on physical impacts due to the policy/project and economic evaluation of environmental benefits and costs. □ Therefore, this study quantifies the environmental impacts of various types of environments and estimates values per unit (hereinafter, unit values) of environmental services, while also establishing a systematic integrated analytical framework (procedures) to connect the two results and use them in policy/project assessment. □ Moreover, the aim is to provide an analytical tool so that the established integrated analytical framework can operate as a system, while also improving the Environmental Valuation Information System(EVIS) as a database to support the system. 2. Content and scope □ The integrated analysis system comprises of an analytical tool, which is the integrated analysis template, and the support DB. Thus, templates for integrated analysis are designed for each environment type, and the support DB is built to support data for integrated analysis using the templates. ㅇ This includes direct research of each category, case studies for policy assessment, design of the integrated analytical framework, and improvement of the DB. □ The research is categorized into general, ecosystem, health, and Survey on Public Attitudes toward the Environment. Ⅱ. Establishment of an Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis System 1. Procedures of integrated analysis □ Integrated environmental and economic analysis is based on impact pathway analysis (IPA) in terms of tracking impact pathways of human activities―environmental quality changes―receptors (ecosystem, human health, etc.), physiologically and physically assessing them, and connecting them directly to human activities. ㅇ Integrated analysis begins with listing and selecting the scope of assessment for environmental policies/projects. Then, physical impacts of the assessment target are quantified, to which unit values (costs) are applied to derive the environmental benefits/costs. □ The process of quantifying environmental impacts and deriving the environmental values is supported by “integrated analysis templates,” and data related to environmental valuation used for integrated analysis are provided through the online DB of environmental valuation, the EVIS. 2. Integrated analysis templates □ This study developed templates as analytical tools for systematic and efficient application of integrated analysis procedures. ㅇ This table shows the procedure of integrated environmental and economic analysis at a glance, such as setting the scope of impacts, quantifying physical impacts, and specifying procedures and results of the economic evaluation process by subject of analysis. □ To establish integrated environmental and economic analysis as a system to help decision making instead of using it merely as an individual case study, it is necessary to systemize the integrated analytical framework (procedures). 3. Database of environmental valuation(EVIS) □ To use integrated environmental and economic analysis as a decision-making system, it is necessary to efficiently support data used in the analysis beyond systemizing the integrated analytical framework (procedures). □ This study introduced an online DB of environmental valuation (EVIS), which is the second component of the integrated analysis system, and summarized the EVIS improvement tasks performed in this study to reinforce its role in supporting the integrated analysis system. ㅇ The EVIS is revised to take the form of a receptor-based classification system that is compatible with the integrated analytical framework, and an Excel extraction function is added for desired data to increase data usability by facilitating the extraction of environmental values. ㅇ The EVIS is updated so that it can serve as a one-stop platform for environmental valuation such as providing guidance on procedures for the use of environmental valuation data in decision making beyond providing information about environmental valuation. - Various concepts of environmental values and methodologies for environmental valuation are introduced in addition to summarized data of environmental values in previous studies, and case studies and methods to create new unit values for desired environmental services using the provided information are also given. ㅇ Moreover, this study is expected to “instrumentalize policy assessment” beyond providing template information, and promote usability. Therefore, the “valuation toolkit” service is to be established and provided on the EVIS. - The valuation toolkit is an integrated analytical tool that enables users to obtain valuation results immediately if they choose the desired environment type for valuation and enter the necessary information. ㅇ Furthermore, previous studies on environmental valuation recorded in the DB are updated. - Through the update, the EVIS currently provides 420 studies and 1,912 value estimates as of December 2019. Ⅲ. Case Study on Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis: Ecological Stream Restoration Projects □ By conducting case studies on policy/project assessments of the ecological stream restoration projects, this study is intended to improve the integrated analytical framework and review usability of the framework as a policy/project assessment tool. 1. Setting the scope of analysis □ Background and purpose ㅇ Recent stream restoration projects have focused on expanding the water-friendly space of streams, promoting health of the aquatic ecosystem, and restoring various habitats, which raises the need for relevant research. ㅇ Therefore, this study models the changes in hydraulic characteristics, water quality, and habitats before and after an ecological stream restoration project and conducts an analysis on physical habitats to analyze the effects of the projects. □ Current state of the target area of study and target fish species ㅇ The target area of the study, Anyangcheon Stream, has multiple issues within the basin, and thus, many experts in various fields such as hydraulic characteristics, floodgate, water quality, ecology, and urban planning, participated in establishing a master plan for the Anyangcheon Stream Restoration Project. - The Anyangcheon Stream Restoration Project consists of a project for improving water quality, a project for securing water volume, a project for recovering naturalness, and a project for restoring ecological health. ㅇ The target section is selected based on the following requirements. - It must first have been a project carried out in the 2000s, and thus not be more than 20 years old, and the target area must not be a tributary and somewhat meet the adequate river length and drainage-area requirements. Moreover, it must be located near the metropolitan area, be relatively accessible, and offer secure data on water volume, water quality, and the aquatic ecosystem. ㅇ As a result, the target section is 3km of the midstream of the Anyangcheon Stream, and the target fish species are Korean dark chub, pale chub, slender shiner, striped shiner, and Korean striped bitterling. 2. Quantifying physical impacts: Analyzing the changes in water quality and habitats through physical habitat modeling □ Changes in hydraulic characteristics ㅇ As a result of analysis, it was identified that the hydraulic characteristics clearly changed according to the geomorphological changes after the restoration project. When the stream design criteria were applied, the area where water activities could be conducted increased. It was found that the ecological stream restoration project changed the stream into one that enables water-friendly activities. - The water level in the stream was higher than 1.5 meters, and flow velocity was higher than 1.0m/s before the restoration project (2001), but the water level was mostly 0.02~1.0 meters, and flow velocity was 0.0~0.7m/s right after the restoration project (2006) and up until recently (2018). □ Changes in water quality ㅇ DO, BOD, and COD are considered as water-quality factors for examining changes in water quality. They are calculated using changes in hydraulic characteristics (water level, flow velocity, water temperature), and the methods used are CCME WQI and IRWQI, both of which showed that the water-quality rating increased by two levels due to the ecological stream restoration project (see Table 1). - Changes in water-quality factors were quantitatively analyzed by each factor at three points in time, before and after the project and present (2018), which are shown in one integrated index. □ Changes in habitats ㅇ To examine changes in habitat area with an integrated quantitative index, the methodology of Zingraff-Hamed et al. (2018) is used. The results showed that the habitat area level increased from low before the ecological stream restoration project to medium after the project (see Table 2). - The ecological stream restoration project was beneficial in terms of securing habitats for aquatic life inhabiting the stream. 3. Monetizing environmental impacts □ On the basis of the results of quantifying the physical impacts, economic values and benefits are calculated for changes in water quality and aquatic ecosystem service due to the ecological stream restoration project. ㅇ Data from the National Survey on Management and Improvement of Water Quality by Ahn et al. (2018b) are used, excluding the effects of certain policies for objectivity of research findings. - Choice experiment (CE) data from Ahn et al. (2018b) are used to re-estimate the econometric model to meet the purpose of this study. - To arrive at the unit values for changes in water quality and aquatic ecosystem indexes, the index values (water quality: IRWQI, aquatic ecosystem: HHS Index) before and after the project are applied. ㅇ The pivot-style design is applied for CE design. - On the basis of the level perceived by respondents, imaginary alternatives that changed the attribute levels of ecosystem services are designed and presented as choice alternatives. - Water-friendly service, ecological function service, water-level control, and water-quality purification are selected as major ecosystem service attributes, and water-use charges are selected in exchange for such services. ㅇ Conditional logit model (CLM), nested logit (NL), and error component logit (ECL) are applied as analytical models. - The model minimizing econometric bias, which may occur when using data generated by pivot design, is selected. - As a result of model estimation, the ECL model considering heteroscedasticity among latent choice alternatives turned out to be more suitable than other models. ㅇ As a result of calculating benefits, the water-quality level increased by two levels after the ecological stream restoration project, and the benefit from that is approximately KRW 10.54 - 21.44 billion a year. For the aquatic ecosystem, the benefit from a one-level increase after the project is estimated at approximately KRW 6.05 - 12.3 billion a year. □ This study applied the integrated analytical framework as a policy/project assessment tool, and the results of this study will be useful as the basic data for integrated water management policy support. Ⅳ. Case Study on Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis: Calculating the damage costs of premature mortality due to PM<sub>2.5</sub> 1. Setting the scope of analysis □ This study aims to calculate damage costs of premature mortality due to long-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> caused by various pollution sources (dot, line, plane) and air pollutants (NOx, SOx, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, VOC). ㅇ Considering data availability, the scope of analysis is limited to “emissions in Korea that affect generation of particulate matter in Korea.” □ The temporal scope of analysis is the 2015 population, and the spatial analysis unit is set as 252 local governments in Korea. Moreover, the population for analysis is set as those aged 30 and above to assess the health damage due to long-term exposure. 2. Quantifying physical impacts and health impacts □ To calculate costs of damage to health, it is necessary to quantify the physical impacts of health effects associated with emissions quantity by pollutant and pollution source, how the air pollution concentration ultimately changes when the discharged pollutants are diffused in the atmosphere, and how much damage to health is caused to humans exposed to air pollutant concentrations. □ This study used the PM<sub>2.5</sub> conversion rates by air pollutant and pollution source derived from studies in Korea based on the modeling. To determine the damage effects of air pollution concentration on human health, adequate concentration-response functions are selected based on literature reviews in Korea and overseas. ㅇ The conversion rate can be interpreted as how much one ton of emission by pollutant and pollution source (dot, line, plane) contributes to increasing the annual average concentration of <sub>PM2.5</sub>. 3. Monetizing the health impacts □ The number of premature deaths due to long-term exposure to “PM<sub>2.5</sub>” derived in the process of quantifying physical impacts and health impacts is converted to economic damage costs. ㅇ Related studies are reviewed and applied to select the value of statistical life (VSL) to calculate the damage costs of premature mortality due to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. □ The results of unit damage costs by pollutant and pollution source for premature mortality due to long-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> are summarized as follows. ㅇ The lower bound, mean, and upper bound of unit damage costs were presented using the 95% confidence interval of the estimated coefficient of concentration response (CR) function by Hoek et al. (2013), and the three were applied also for VSL to calculate the results of damage costs(see Table 3). Ⅴ. Impact Assessment by Category 1. Ecosystem habitat quality assessment □ Habitat quality is the ecological ability to provide an adequate state for the inhabitation of individuals or colonies based on resources useful for survival, regeneration, and maintenance. National habitat quality is assessed as biodiversity proxy to support policy decision making for biodiversity preservation and sustainable use. ㅇ The InVEST Habitat Quality Model is used to assess habitat quality (0.00(non-habitable area)~1.00(ideal habitat)) considering habitat suitability, habitat threat factors, habitat sensitivity to threat factors, and habitat accessibility. ㅇ The national habitat quality in 2009 was 0.64, and the result of assessment by ecosystem type showed that forests that are suitable habitats due to low human-use intensity and accessibility and are little influenced by threat factors had the greatest habitat quality (0.86). The result of an assessment by administrative district showed that Gangwon (0.76), Gyeongbuk (0.69), Chungbuk (0.66), and Gyeongnam (0.66) had great habitat quality with a high ratio of forests (see Table 4). ㅇ In the last 20 years (1989-2009), forests decreased by 8.11% (5,402.90㎢) nationwide, and built-up areas (or urban areas) increased by 192.68%(4,010.71㎢). Accordingly, the habitat quality of Incheon (-18.00%), Jeju (-17.26%), and Busan (-12.56%) decreased significantly, and the national average habitat quality (2009) decreased by 5.56% compared to 1989, which suggests that it is necessary to inspect and promote the implementation of policies to improve national and regional biodiversity. 2. Health impact assessment of harmful environmental factors □ Research framework ㅇ Purpose of Phase 2 Project (2019-2021) - The framework to estimate damage costs due to chemical substances is established by determining the impact of chemical substances transported into the environment and the impact they have on humans through the path of the ecosystem and dietary exposure. ㅇ Research overview of Phase 2 Project Year 1 (2019) - Literature that assessed the impact of chemical substances on the ecosystem, which is the first path of harmful factor-ecosystem (receptor)-health impact, is reviewed. - The recently presented ecological risk-valuation framework and cases are analyzed to seek usability in the future. □ Connection of the EPA’s ecological risk assessment and ecosystem services ㅇ Traditional concept of ecological risk assessment - The toxic endpoint measured at the sub-organism level is used for ecological impact assessment. - Lab-based toxicity test at the organism level - There is a gap between target of protection (population, colony, ecosystem) and target of assessment. ㅇ Endpoints of ecosystem services (ES-GEAEs, ecosystem services generic ecological assessment endpoints). - New risk assessment endpoints are presented by adding ES-GEAEs to the current endpoints of ecological risk assessment (C-GEAEs, conventional generic ecological assessment endpoints). - Reinterpreted from the perspective of human benefits, that is, the economic, psychosocial, and health benefits provided by the ecosystem for humans. - The existing C-GEAEs are supplemented to enable quantitative benefit analysis and valuation from the human perspective. - Cases that include the EPA’s ES-GEAEs are still very limited and thus cannot be generalized. □ Model-based ecological risk assessment framework ㅇ Framework connecting ecological risks-ecosystem services by Forbes et al. - The framework is presented based on the proposition that damage to health for individuals due to harmful environmental factors leads to a quantitative and qualitative decline in the level of ecosystem services. - The framework connects harmful factor data at the sub-organism or organism level to population level and food web data that can be used as an ecosystem service providing units through modeling. - The plan was presented to connect final ecosystems and services to benefits provided for humans and turn them into values. ㅇ Case study - Introduced three types of mechanical impact models to connect the organism-level data to higher-level impact data ㆍDynamic energy budget model: Connection to the sub-organism and organism-level response ㆍInSTREAM model: Connection to the organism-level response and population-level response, using a model based on trout ㆍAQUATOX model: Connection to single-species response and multispecies or ecosystem response
김현노,신동원,강성원,안소은,최아름,정인섭,이종한,홍승헌,김성부,한혜진 한국환경연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-
Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research ❏ Environmental regulations related to the green economy are on the increase in line with the growing importance of the green economy envisioned for the harmonious development of the environment, economy, and society. ㅇ While minimizing environmental impact, the green economy should also contribute economically and socially to areas including green industries and green jobs. ㅇ However, it is uncertain whether environmental regulations related to the green economy are designed and enforced by fully considering the green economy's actual impacts. ❏ Based on the research road map established in the first year of research, the study aims to seek measures for improving regulatory compliance by reviewing from the perspective of the regulated group and find ways for ensuring the effectiveness of regulations, as they are needed for promoting the green economy. ㅇ Environmental regulations are increasing in line with the rising interest in the transition to the green economy at national and international levels. Considering that green industries grow depending on the motivation to require products and services that use pollution reduction technologies, there is a need to enhance stakeholders' compliance with environmental regulations and improve the qualitative effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ By studying environmental regulations related to the green economy with a post impact assessment in mind, we analyzed measures to improve regulatory compliance and the spillover effect of environmental regulations, thereby proposing measures to improve the compliance with and the effectiveness of environmental regulations. Ⅱ. Analysis of Compliance with Environmental Regulations ❏ The research surveyed compliance with environmental regulations related to promoting the green economy and presented policy suggestions for improving regulatory compliance from the perspective of improving environmental regulations ㅇ In achieving policy objectives, compliance of the regulated group is as important as the effective enforcement of enforcement agencies. ㅇ As conventional regulatory measures have limitations in promoting the green economy, for example by encouraging the development of environmentally-friendly technologies, it is crucial to induce the voluntary participation and compliance of businesses subject to regulations. ❏ Among various environmental regulations related to the green economy, those imposed on construction waste were selected, and a survey on regulatory compliance was conducted by involving stakeholders (the government, the regulated group, and stakeholders). ㅇ For the survey, criteria for processing construction waste in each phase (of entry, production, processing, and use), regulations on construction waste treatment businesses, obligatory use of recycled aggregate, quality standards for recycled aggregate, and regulations related to certification were selected and analyzed. - The survey targeted stakeholders in enforcement agencies and the regulated group. - Three hundred people in the regulated group (including stakeholders) and fifty enforcement officials participated in the survey. - The survey was conducted via telephone and online ㅇ In order to study regulatory compliance, survey questions covered awareness of regulations, clarity of regulations, need for regulations, adequacy of regulations, adequacy of regulation standards, level of achievement of regulatory objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives), level of regulatory compliance, appropriateness of regulatory enforcement, adequacy of imposed penalties, and suggestions for regulatory improvement. ❏ When asked about regulations imposed on construction waste, respondents positively assessed the needs and objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives). Still, the survey revealed a number of factors undermining the vitalization of resource circulation in the enforcement process, which may impede the transition to the green economy. ㅇ Concerning measures for enhancing regulatory compliance, there is a need to encourage active use of recycled aggregate, which can be achieved by changing the perception towards using recycled aggregate through efforts such as making regulatory information more accessible, training, and awareness-raising activities. ㅇ Moreover, it is necessary to discuss the rationality of regulatory design, the need to explain regulations in plain terms, the clarity of criteria, and the budget and human resources needed for enforcement. ❏ In order for environmental regulations related to the green economy to contribute to the vitalization of the green economy, there must be performance indicators capable of measuring the achievements of currently-imposed regulations so that achievements are evaluated on a regular basis, and improvements can be made. Ⅲ. Analysis of Spillover Effect of Environmental Regulations ❏ Considering that environmental regulations related to the green economy are currently in place, the study looked into whether the regulations achieved their objectives and their spillover effect on the green economy. ㅇ Under the main objective of promoting the green economy, this study reviewed the effectiveness of regulations by looking into the environment for successful regulation, the achievement of environmental, economic, and social objectives, and the impact of green economy indicators. ㅇ We analyzed from environmental, economic, and social perspectives whether regulations achieved their intended effectiveness. ㅇ The effect regulations have on green industries and green jobs were investigated. ❏ The strengthening of regulations on recycled aggregate had positive environmental, economic, and social impacts. ㅇ (Environment) The extraction of natural aggregate decreased, and the recycling rate of natural resources increased. ㅇ (Economy) Active use of recycled aggregate resulted in revitalizing the recycling market and promoting related industries and employment. - After the reinforcement of regulations, more interim disposal businesses that produce recycled aggregate and businesses that collect and transport construction waste were established. ㅇ (Social) Society is growing more interested in recycling construction waste, and the government is continuously working to that end. - Producing recycled aggregate with construction waste saved landfill costs and created social benefits. ❏ Regulations related to the obligatory use of recycled aggregate and the certification of recycled aggregate were found to have a positive impact on the green economy. ㅇ The analysis showed that efforts made to promote the use of recycled aggregate increased the number of employees and total assets, which means they positively influenced green industries and green jobs. ㅇ It was found that the increase in certifications led to the growth in assets owned by related businesses, representing that such certificates have a positive impact on business performance in the form of strengthened expertise. ❏ Interest in the green economy grew on national and international levels, and there is a need to review the adequacy of enforced environmental regulations related to the green economy and their effectiveness so that measures for improving regulations can be determined. Ⅳ. Improvement of Environmental Regulations for the Transition to the Green Economy ❏ As environmental regulations related to the green economy must consider economic and social impacts as well as environmental ones, it is necessary to verify the adequacy and effectiveness of existing environmental regulations and reflect the findings in improving regulations for promoting the green economy. ㅇ As shown in the case study, environmental regulations related to the green economy have limitations in promoting the development of environmentally-friendly technologies when approached from a traditional perspective, so there is a need to improve compliance of the regulated group. ㅇ Moreover, it is critical to determine whether regulations have fulfilled their objectives and contributed to promoting the green economy by analyzing the effectiveness of regulations from the perspective of the green economy and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures to improve environmental regulations for promoting the green economy from the perspective of the regulated group, the study analyzed regulatory compliance (qualitative analysis), investigated the spillover effect of regulations (quantitative analysis), and proposed a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ Environmental regulations related to the green economy must be regularly reviewed based on the proposed guideline. Such a review is needed to study compliance with regulations, achievement of regulatory objectives, and the spillover effect, and to determine the effectiveness of regulations enforced to promote the green economy. ㅇ Moreover, the study proposed measures to promote the post impact assessment of regulations by offering a guideline, based on the study results that showed the absence of evaluation system and the burden on enforcement agencies are some of the factors preventing an active post impact assessment of regulations despite the growing interest. Ⅴ. Conclusion ❏ In the second year of the continuous three-year study, we focused on the regulated group and proposed measures to improve compliance with regulations and ways to ensure the effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ Based on the research roadmap established in the first year of research, this study aimed at promoting the green economy progresses in stages for the ultimate purpose of developing a comprehensive impact assessment tool for evaluating environmental regulations both from the perspectives of regulating and regulated groups. - The first-year research focuses on: presenting the concept and scope of the green economy; analyzing environmental regulations (in terms of public administration and green economy); deriving implications from a case study on environmental regulations related to the green economy; building a database of environmental regulations; reviewing the use of green economy indicators; and presenting indicators. - The second-year research presents measures to improve regulatory compliance by considering from the regulated group's perspective and ensure the effectiveness of regulations. - The third-year research plans to seek measures to improve the efficiency of regulations from the regulating group's perspective. ❏ When it comes to environmental regulations for promoting the green economy, it is essential to motivate the regulated group rather than taking a traditional approach and induce voluntary participation in fulfilling objectives from the perspective of the green economy (environmental, economic, and social perspectives). Therefore, a survey on regulatory compliance is required as it can help review the adequacy of regulatory enforcement. ❏ To promote the green economy, economic and social factors as well as environmental impacts must be considered, which means measures for improving regulations must be proposed by verifying the effectiveness of regulations and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures for improving environmental regulations, which are needed for promoting the green economy, we performed a case study and presented a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ The results indicate the need to suggest the direction for improving regulations by verifying the effectiveness of environmental regulations related to the green economy. ㅇ As the burden on enforcement agencies, and the lack of training and manuals were identified as factors impeding an active post impact assessment of regulations despite its growing importance, the guideline is expected to contribute to activating post impact assessments. ❏ This study proposed a method for conducting the post impact assessment of regulations as a way of improving compliance with regulations from the perspective of the regulated group and ensuring the effectiveness of regulations. An evaluation guideline was also proposed. ❏ In the third year of research, we plan to delve into the regulation management system and issues related to the creation and enforcement of regulations so as to offer from the perspective of the regulated group measures for improving environmental regulations aimed at promoting the green economy. The ultimate objective is to propose measures to promote the green economy by considering from the perspectives of both the regulated group and the regulators.
통합분석모형을 이용한 생태하천 복원사업의 사회적 편익 추정
김현노,이홍림 한국환경연구원 2020 환경포럼 Vol.244 No.-
대부분의 정책·사업은 주로 시행 이전에 사전적으로 평가되고 있으나, 추후 관리를 위한 사후적 평가의 필요성이 점차 대두되고 있다. 본고는 안양천 생태하천 복원사업을 대상으로 사후 평가를 수행하고, 복원사업에 따른 수질 및 서식처 질 변화의 편익을 도출하기 위해 물리적 영향평가와 경제성 평가가 연계된 통합분석을 수행한 결과를 제시하였다. 이를 통해 복원사업직후뿐만 아니라 최근에 이르기까지 수질 및 수생태 측면에서 사업 효과가 유지되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 결과적으로 안양시 생태하천 복원사업에 따른 안양시민의 수질 개선 편익은 연간 약 105.4~214.4억 원, 수생태 개선 편익은 연간 약 60.5억~123억으로 추정되었다.