전라문화의 맥과 전북인물 : 제 1 편 전라문화의 맥 ; 전북 지방사 자료의 연구 (1) - 전북지역 읍지에 관한 연구 / 씨족형세에 대한 분석을 중심으로

임지환 전북대학교 전라문화연구소 1990 전라문화의 맥과 전북인물 Vol.- No.-

EDB에 의해 부양된 알루미늄과 마그네슘 단일 입자의 점화 및 연소 특성 비교 연구

임지환(Jihwan Lim),윤웅섭(Woongsup Yoon) 한국추진공학회 2010 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.11

The ignition and the burning characteristics of aluminum and magnesium particles (30-110 μm in diameter) isolated due to electrodynamic levitation were experimentally investigated. The burning time, the ignition delay time, the flame temperature, and the flame diameter were measured. The thermal radiation intensity was measured using the photomultiplier tube and the combustion history was monitored by high-speed cinematography. Two-wavelength pyrometry measured the temperature of the burning particles. The burning times of aluminum particles were measured approximately 5 to 8 times longer than those of magnesium particles. Exponents of D<SUP>n</SUP>-law, for the burning rate of magnesium and aluminum particles of diameters less than 110 μm, are found to be 0.6 and 1.5, respectively. The instant of aluminum ignition is clearly distinguished with the ignition delay time little less than 10 ms, however the burning history of magnesium particle exhibits no distinct instant of the ignition. The ignition delay time of magnesium particle (less than 110 μm) were approximately shown in the range from 50 to 200 ns. The flame temperatures of single metal particles are lower than the boiling point of the oxide. The nondimensional flame diameters for magnesium are decreased with increasing of the diameter. The nondimensional flame diameters for aluminum are not changed significantly.

북양정부시기 공채(公債)발행과 금융시장에 대한 영향

임지환 ( Yim Chi-hwan ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2017 역사학연구 Vol.68 No.-

북양정부시기 공채발행은 중국 상업은행의 발전과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 중국정부와 상업은행간의 공채거래가 증가해갈수록 양자 간의 유착관계는 더욱 심화되어 상업은행은 정부의존적인 경영을 통해 큰 폭의 성장을 이룰 수 있었다. 중국의 금융시장에서 상업은행의 성장과 발전은 중국내의 통화량의 증가에 중요한 영향을 미쳐 1930년대 초 국민정부에 의한 幣制改革을 성공적으로 단행할 수 있는 기초를 제공하였고 중국의 금융시장에서 외상은행의 영향력을 약화시켜 중국의 금융업이 외상은행의 그늘에서 벗어나 독자적인 길을 모색해갈 수 있는 길을 열었다. 그리고 공채의 발행이 증가하면서 투기시장도 확대되어갔는데 1920-30년대 투기시장의 확대는 중국의 상공업발전에 투여되어야 할 막대한 양의 자금이 투기시장으로 몰려 1930년대 중국의 상공업이 침체의 국면을 벗어나지 못하도록 했던 중요한 원인이 되었다. The Chinese commercial banks could rapidly have grown during Northern Warlord government times. Especially the deal of domestic bonds between the Chinese commercial banks and government affected decisively the development of Chinese commercial banks. The issue of domestic bonds and the development of Chinese commercial banks can be analyzed as follows: first of all, Chinese commercial banks could rapidly have grown under the protection of Northern Warlord government. The Northern Warlord government could continued to issue a large amount of domestic bonds in collaboration with Chinese commercial banks. In the process of making a deal of domestic bonds between Chinese commercial banks and government, the Chinese commercial banks purchased the domestic bonds from government in high interest rate, which brought a good deal of profit to the Chinese commercial banks. Second, the issue of domestic bonds cause the speculation to be rampant in the stock market. The Chinese commercial banks took advantage of domestic bonds as a means of speculation to make a great deal of profit in the stock market. Third, the issue of domestic bonds led the monetary reform to be successful in 1930s. During Northern Warlord times, the Chinese commercial banks could issue their bank notes under the permission of government. When they issued their bank notes, they had to prepare for a certain amount of specie reserve. According to the law for specie reserve, 40precent of specie reserve could be replaced with the domestic bonds. Therefore, the more the commercial bank hold the domestic bonds, the more they could issue their own bank notes. As time went by, the Northern Warlord government continued to increase the anount of donestic bonds, which prompted Chinese commercial banks to increase the anount of their bank notes. As a result, the constant issue of domestic bonds contributed to increasing the total amount of currency in Chinese. The Nanking government could successfully conduct the monetary reform, based on the rapid increase of total amount of currency. Fourth, the issue of domestic bonds contributed to weakening the influence of foreign banks in the Chinese financial market. The foreign banks which had offered a large amount of foreign debts to the Chinese government since the end of Ch’ing dyansty began to convene in the finance of Chinese government, and Chinese financial market was under control of foreign banks. However, the rapid growth of Chinese commercial banks during Northern Warlord times made it possible to weaken the influence of foreign banks in the Chinese financial market. Especially, in the receiving credit business of bank, the Chinese commercial banks which could accomplish the rapid growth by relying on the dealing of domestic bonds with government began to get ahead of foreign banks in the financial market. In other words, the foreign banks which maintained the low interest rate in the receiving credit business began to fall behind the Chinese commercial banks which kept the high interest rate in receiving credit in the financial market. The failure in receiving credit business became the main cause that banking business took a turn for the worse in the Chinese financial market.

1920-30년대 김성은행(金城銀行)의 수신 업무 확대와 그 발전 요인

임지환 ( Yim Chi Hwan ) 중국사학회 2018 中國史硏究 Vol.114 No.-

The Kumsung bank could rapidly have grown in 1920-30s through expansion of its extending and receiving credit. Especially the total amount of receiving credit remained in its first place among Chinese commercial banks with Shanghai bank that grew rapidly with financial support of Nanking government in late 1920s and early 1930s. The main factors that made it possible for Kumsung bank could keep its rapid growth in its receiving credit can be summerized as follows: First, Kumsung bank sticked to high interest rate to depositors as a banking policy to absorb public funds. It offered about three times higher interest rate to depositors than foreign banks in China in order, which played a decisive role to make Kumsung bank superior to foreign banks in the competition of receiving credit. Second, Kumsung bank could effectively absorb a large amount of public funds, by taking advantage of this high financial credit, that was floating in the financial market without finding proper place for its investment. In the early 1930s, a large amount of public funds began to be focused on the large cities, such as Shanghai and Tianjin etc., from interior to find the proper condition for its investment. The highest credit of Kumsung bank in the financial market helped it absorb the public funds which began to be focused on the coastal area in the early 1930s. Third, Kumsung bank could successfully expand its receiving credit by using the international financial environment, In 1920s, each country all around the world began to replace its silver standard monetary system with gold standard monetary system, China sticked to silver standard monetary system, which cause a large amount of silvers in the global market to focus on China. As a result, it led to the rapid increase of Chinese currency in the financial market, and it helped Kumsung bank expand its receiving credit in the financial market. Fourth, Kumsung bank could increase the amount of receiving credit through the successful issue of banknotes. Everytime the banking crisis took place in the financial market, Kumsung bank could enhance its financial credit by converting fully bank notes into silver, as a result of which proved that Kumsung bank possessed more abundant banking capitals than other Chinese commercial banks. It caused depositors to put their money in m Kumsung bank and made it possible to expand its amount of receiving credit. Fifth, the deep financial relation with government institutions helped kumsung bank increase the amount of its receiving credit. Nanking government issued a large amount of public bonds as a way to overcome its financial deficits caused the incessant war and the accumulation of foreign debts. Kumsung bank took the financial policy to cooperate with Nanking government by making an investment on the public bond issued by government. The investment of public funds gave about 20% profit to Kumsung bank. Besides the investment of public bonds and governmental enterprises, Kumsung bank maintained the extending and receiving credit with government institutions in high interest, which was helpful with the expansion of its receiving credit.

열복사에 의한 단일 알루미늄 입자 점화-연소특성 측정

임지환(Jihwan Lim),윤웅섭(Woongsup Yoon),이도형(Do Hyung Lee) 한국추진공학회 2010 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.5

고체추진제의 첨가제 또는 연료로써 주로 사용되는 알루미늄 단일 입자 연소시험 장비를 제작하고 연소 실험을 수행하였다. 산화 알루미늄으로 피복된 금속입자는 약 30~100 ㎛ 의 크기를 사용하였다. 단일 입자는 Electrodynamic Balance (EDB) 방법에 의해 공중 부양된 상태로, 중력에 의한 영향이 배제되어 금속입자 고정용 또는 측정용 장치들의 접촉에 의한 열손실을 제거시켜 실험 정확도를 높였다. Standard Hyperbolic Electrodynamic Levitator (SHEL) 내에서 부양된 입자에 CO2 레이저를 사용하여 점화시킨 후, 입자로부터 방사되는 열복사를 이용한 two wavelength pyrometry를 적용하여 알루미늄 입자 크기에 따른 연소시간, 평균 화염온도, 점화온도, 점화시간을 획득하였으며, 단일 알루미늄 입자의 점화-연소특성을 평가하였다.

형태보존암호화를 이용한 랜섬웨어 방지 및 스테가노그래피 보안강화기술

임지환,나관우,우재민,서화정,Lim, Ji-hwan,Na, Gwan-Woo,Woo, Jae-Min,Seo, Hwa-joeng 한국정보통신학회 2018 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.22 No.5

형태 보존 암호는 암호화하고자 하는 목적 정보에 대한 변형 없이 형태를 유지한 상태로 암호화하는 기법으로써 최근에 국가보안기술연구소에 의해 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 형태 보존 암호를 활용하여 기존의 사이버 보안 관련 문제를 해결하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 먼저 랜섬웨어 공격을 효과적으로 방어하기 위해 시그니처 및 확장자를 형태보존암호로 암호화하는 방안을 제시한다. 해당 기법은 최소한의 정보를 암호화함으로써 랜섬웨어에 대한 노출을 최소화할 수 있다. 두 번째로 스테가노그래피와 같이 비밀 정보를 숨기는 기술상에서도 해당 정보의 양을 최소화함으로써 공격에 대비할 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. 마지막으로 형태보존암호와 경량암호에서 암호화에 따른 동작 속도를 비교하고, 형태보존암호를 최적화하였을 때, 그에 따른 성능 향상까지 비교하고자 한다. Recently, Format-Preserving-Encryption (FEA) was suggested by the National Security Research institute (NSR) as an encryption method while maintaining the format without a distortion to the intended information to be encrypted. In this paper, we propose a scheme to solve conventional cyber security problems by using FEA scheme. First, we present the method to encrypt signatures and extensions with FEA in order to effectively defend against Ransomeware attacks. This technique can mitigate the exposure to the Ransomeware by encrypting the minimum information. Second, in order to reduce the secret information for Steganography, we introduce a new way to minimize the secret information with FEA. Finally, we compare the operation speed by encryption with FEA and Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA), furthermore when we optimize FEA we want to compare with the performance improvement accompanying with it.

제 2 부 : 전북지방사 자료의 연구 (1) ; 전북지역 읍지에 관한 연구 - 씨족형세에 대한 분석을 중심으로 -

임지환 전북대학교 전라문화연구소 1989 全羅文化論叢 Vol.3 No.-

표면처리에 의한 공기 중 알루미늄의 점화특성 비교

임지환(Jihwan Lim),이상협(Sanghyup Lee),윤웅섭(Woongsup Yoon) 한국추진공학회 2014 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

높은 융점을 갖는 산화알루미늄으로 자연산화된 알루미늄에 대해서, 그 산화피막을 제거하고 대신에 니켈코팅법과 양극산화법을 적용하여 표면처리하였다. 공기 중에서, 산화피막이 제거된 순수 알루미늄과 장벽형 알루미늄을 사용하여, 표면처리된 알루미늄의 점화지연시간과 점화온도를 함께 비교평가 하였다. 다공성 알루미늄은 점화지연시간에 대해 특별한 이득을 보여주진 못했지만, 니켈코팅(5wt% 이상) 알루미늄에서는 점화지연시간이 크게 작아지는 것을 확인하였다. 다공성 알루미늄의 경우, 점화온도가 약간 상승하지만 니켈 코팅 알루미늄에서는 점화온도가 크게 달라지지 않았다. Ignition characteristics of single surface-treated (Ni coating & anodizing) aluminum particle are experimentally investigated. The ignition delay time and the ignition temperature are measured for the aluminum particles in air. The thermal radiation intensity is measured using the photo detector and combustion history is monitored by high-speed cinematography. Two-wavelength pyrometry measures the ignition temperature of the particles. The ignition delay time for the anodic porous Al is unvaried , however that of the Ni-coated (over 5wt%) Al gets shorter than that of pure Al and barrier-type Al. In the case of the anodic porous Al, the ignition temperature is slightly increasing, but the ignition temperature of Ni-coated Al is not changed largely (independent of nickel contents).

북양정부시기 군벌관료자본의 상공업에 대한 투자

임지환(Yim, Chi-Hwan) 부산경남사학회 2018 역사와 경계 Vol.109 No.-

북양정부시기 군벌관료자산가들은 그들이 재임시 축적했던 막대한 양의 재부를 중국의 상공업에 대대적인 투자를 진행하였다. 그들이 외상은행에 휴면상태로 예치되어있던 엄청난 양의 재부를 중국의 상공업발전에 투자하기 시작했던 것은 제1차 세계대전 발발과 함께 소비수요가 많았던 면방직업이나 식품업 등과 같은 생필품가격이 폭등을 하게 되자 더 많은 치부를 위해 이들 경공업에 대해 대대적인 투자를 개시하였다. 그런데 군벌관료의 투자활동이 성공할 수 있었던 요인은 1900년대에 들어 화북 각 지역에 조성되기 시작했던 광범한 공업원료기지의 확산과 철도망의 확충과 같은 운송체계의 혁신이 중요한 역할을 하였다. 군벌관료들의 투자활동은 20세기 초 중국경제에 대단히 중요한 영향을 미쳤는데 우선 경진지역, 특히 천진시의 상공업발달에 결정적인 영향을 미쳤고 그와 함께 상공업에 대한 대대적인 투자로 인해 중국의 금융산업 역시 자연스럽게 발달하기 시작하였다. 그리고 그들의 투자활동은 중국의 민족공업이 움틀 수 있는 계기를 마련해 주었다. 그러나 상공업발전에 대한 투자재원이 군벌관료에게서 유래하였다는 태생적 한계로 인해 기업운영에 대한 군벌관료의 반봉건적 사고와 경영의 미숙 등으로 인해 1930년대 중국의 민족공업이 쇠퇴의 길을 걷는 한 원인이 되었다. During the Baiyang government times, Chinese government officials and warlords began to make an investment on the industry and commerce. In the early 20th century, Chinese industrial development was deeply linked to the investment of warlords and government official. regardless incumbent and retired officials. Their investment was of wide range, from north-east area of China, across north China, to central china in Yangtze river. Their investment for the establishment of enterprises had a characteristics to be focused on Hobei province, especially Tianjin. Hobei province had the geographical advantage that the raw materials in operating the enterprises could easily be supplied and the commercial goods and industrial products transported to all parts of China by taking advantage of well-organized railway networks. Besides that, as Tianjin was Chinese commercial and industrial center in the Ming and Ching dynasty, Hobei province could have had well-developed infra-structure for the industrial development in the early 20th century. This kind of geogriphical advantage made it possible for government and warlords to easily make their industrial investment. It is very noticeable that they began to invest independently, by taking advantage of a large amount of wealth they accumulated through extortion and illegal means while they served as incumbent official, without the establishment of joint-stock company with foreign capitals. There were several factors that made it possible for warlords and government officials to lead their investment to be successful in a short period time. First of all, with outbreak of the first world war, the transition of international trade conditions provide them a very good economic environment for their investment on Chinese industry. Second, in the early 20th century, the expansion of railway network revolutionized the transportation of commercial goods and industrial raw materials. The large amount of industrial raw materials, collected from various areas of North China such as cotton, wheat, fur etc, could easily be transported to industrial complex without geographical hindrance, and lots of industrial products produced from factories could also be easily supplied to various areas in North China. Second, constant investments to produce industrial raw materials, such as cotton, wheat, and fur, had been made since the end of Ch"ing dynasty. Especially foreign capitalists made a large amount of investment in the northwestern area of North China to collect fur. The cotton producing districts which covered a wide range of North China prompted the rapid development of textile industry, and the expansion of fur collecting districts into Northwest China contributed to developing the leather industry in China. The warward"s investment to Chinese industry had an effect on the Chinese economy. To begin with, in order to establish large factories, a large amount of investment could be made in the textile, flour, and chemical industries, mainly by the warlords and government officials. The investment of warlords and government officials could contribute not only to take the lead in promoting Chinese national industries in China, but to put a stop to foreign capital"s penetration into the Chinese industry. Besides, the rapid development of Chinese industry, due to the large-scaled investment of warlords, prompted the Chinese banking industry in 1920-30s.

1920-30년대 四行準備庫의 鈔票發行

임지환(Yim, Chi-Hwan) 부산경남사학회 2015 역사와 경계 Vol.97 No.-

4행준비고는 북4행의 각 은행들이 공동의 은행권을 발행하기 위해 1922년에 결성한 특별금융기구였다. 4행준비고는 1935년 법폐개혁으로 은행권발행이 중지될때까지 지속적으로 은행권을 발행하여 중국의 금융산업 발전에 이바지하였다. 4행 준비고의 성공적인 발권행위는 북4행 각 은행의 발전에 중요한 역할을 하였다. 특히 북양정부와 남경정부의 금융시장에 대한 지배력의 약화, 북4행 각 은행들의 수신업무의 확장과 정부와의 긴밀한 유착 하에 풍부한 유가증권의 확보, 그리고 1920년대 해외로부터 은의 지속적인 유입 등과 같은 국제여건의 호조 속에 4행준비고에서 발행한 은행권총액은 해를 거듭할수록 증가해갔다. 중국의 금융계에 대한 4행준비고의 역사적 의의와 영향은 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 중국의 상업은행이 정부를 대신하여 은행권을 발행함으로써 발권행위가 정치적 목적으로 남용되는 것을 저지시킴으로써 금융시장을 안정시킬 수 있었던 점, 1933년의 폐량개원의 단행에 일조를 했던 점, 4행저축회의 조직과 성공적인 운영을 통해 중국 금융시장의 발전에 이바지했던 점, 그리고 중국의 상업은행이 외국상업은행의 영향에서 벗어나 독자적인 토대를 구축할 수 있도록 하는데 그 일각을 담당했던 점 등이다.