20세기 초 일제 강점기 향촌재지사족의 漢文懸吐小說창작에 대한 一考

한의숭(Han Eui soong) 동양한문학회(구 부산한문학회) 2016 동양한문학연구 Vol.44 No.-

본고는 향촌을 기반으로 한 재지사족의 당대 현실 인식이 개인 출판물을 통해 표출되던 양상을 살펴보기 위해 작성된 것이다. 이를 규명하기 위한 자료로 20세기 초 全北 扶安에 거주하던 高濟安(1845~1927)에 의해 창작된 <神機圖>란 작품과 慶南 密陽에 거주하던 尹載禧에 의해 창작된 <太極翁傳> 두 작품을 주목하였다. <신기도>와 <태극옹전>은 20세기 초에 창작된 한문현토소설로 부안과 밀양이란 지방 향촌에 거주하던 재지사족에 의해 창작되었다는 공통점을 가지고 있다. <신기도>는 1916년에 창작되어 해방 이후인 1961년에 출간된 작품으로 향촌재지사족의 현실인식과 관련하여 주목할 부분이 있다. 작중에서 강조한 '塞翁之馬'가 그것으로 일제에 의한 강제 병합의 고통이 지속적인 현실이 되지 않을 것이라는 '寓意'로 해석될 수 있는 것이다. 작품이 해방 이후 출간된 것은 작가의 서술의도에 대한 해석이 일정부분 부담으로 작용했기 때문이 아닌가 추정된다. 한편 <태극옹전>은 일제 강점기인 1935년에 출간된 작품으로 儒家와 여타 諸家의 사상 우열 논쟁을 통해 유가이상주의를 선양하는 방식으로 서술되어 있다. 이는 '유가'로 대표되는 전근대 조선의 지배계급의 시대인식이 어떠한지 그 일단을 보여주고 있는 것으로 생각된다. 문제는 지배계급의 시대인식과 일제의 사상통치의 목적성이 상호 부합했던 까닭에 사전검열이 심했던 일제 강점기에 출간될 수 있었던 것이 아닌가 추정된다. <신기도>와 <태극옹전>은 일제 강점기 향촌재지사족의 현실 인식의 일단을 작품화 한 사례들로, 1935년과 1961년이란 출간시기에서 볼 수 있듯이 일제의 출판법에 의한 검열의 문제가 중요하게 작용하였다. 이때 핵심은 현실 인식의 표출 방식이 어떻게 노정되었냐 하는 점이며, <신기도>와 <태극옹전>은 우회적으로 표출하거나, 일제에 편승하는 방식으로 작품화하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. <신기도>와 <태극옹전>은 한문현토소설이라는 언어, 문자의 방식으로 향촌재지사족이 당대를 인식하던 시각을 보여준 사례로 향후 보다 입체적으로 조명할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이를 바탕으로 일제 강점기 신문, 잡지 등에 수록된 한문현토소설 전반에 대한 새로운 시각이 마련될 수 있기를 기대해 본다. This paper investigates on the phenomenon of provincial novel family expressing their perception of reality through individual publications. Two pieces were chosen for this research purpose which are <Shin-Ki-Do> created by Ko-Jae-Ahn(1845~1927) who lived in Boo-Ahn, Jeon-Buk and <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon> created by Youn-Jae-Hee who lived in Miryang, Kyung-Nam in early 20thcentury. Both <Shin-Ki-Do> and <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon> are identified as Han-Moon-Hyun-To novel created in Miryang region in early 20thcenturies and they have in common that the authors are from provincial novel family. <Shin-Ki-Do> is created before 1914 and it got published in 1961 right after the Japanese colonial period. This shows that the reality perception is reflected on the volumes by provincial novel family. Especially in the middle of the volume, the emphasized theme 'Sae-Ong-Ji-Ma' has very high potential to be interpreted as 'a fable' which means that the pain caused by Japanese Colonial Period would not last forever. This piece being published right after the Japanese Colonial Period provides enough room to have a thought of some pressure imposed on the publication process. On the contrary, <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon> is published in 1935 which was still Japanese Colonial Period. This publication chose a method to leading towards on the 'You-Ga' idealism by debating between 'You-Ga' and 'Yue-Ta-Je-Ga'. This could be considered as a way to strategically win over the 'You-Ga' which is high class in premodern ChoSun Society. Because of the strategic purpose to conciliate the class, it seems to be possible to publish the piece even during the Japanese Colonial Period. <Shin-Gi-Do> and <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon> was outlets of expressing the reality perception by provincial novel family in Japanese Colonial Period. The publication years have gaps as between 1935 and 1961. The inspection of Japanese's law over publication would have caused the year gap between those two pieces. The inspection seems to weight the most on the way of expressing the reality perception and there is a clear difference about the level of expressions between <Shin-Gi-Do> and <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon>. As stated above, there is a clear evidence of being affected by Japan's lawful influence over publication to see one being published during the Colonial Era and the other being published right after the era ended because of the level of expressions. <Shin-Gi-Do> and <Tae-Keuk-Ong-Jeon> are very interesting pieces to study because even though both pieces started from the same base as the expression of reality perception by provincial novel family in Japanese Colonial period and they split into two different ways as they evolves as Han-Moon-Hyun-To novel. In the near future, It is exciting to look forward to have new perspectives on Han-Moon-Hyun-To novel covered by newspapers and magazines in Japanese Colonial Period.

학음(鶴陰) 침원열(沈遠悅)의 『용창총설』에 대하여

한의숭 ( Eui Soong Han ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2005 영남학 Vol.- No.8

19세기 한문단편소설집 『기설(奇說)』의 성격과 고전소설 교육의 방향

한의숭 ( Han Eui-soong ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2021 석당논총 Vol.- No.80

This paper was designed to review the nature of the story based on Yadam through six works in the collection of Chinese short stories, 『Gi-seol』 and analyze the theme of ‘Gi’, which penetrates the novel book, in relation to the 19^th century cultural landscape. Along with this, a collection of short stories in Chinese literature discussed a new approach to classical fiction education. The six works in 『Gi-seol』 were used to describe the genre representing the narrative style of Chinese short stories in the late Joseon Dynasty. It is understood that the compilers of 『Gi-seol』 intended to process the story based on their understanding of the mainstream flow of the Chinese short story style during the late Joseon Dynasty. 『Gi-seol』 is a compilation of stories based on Ya-dam into a collection of short stories in Chinese literature, reflecting the narrative culture of the time, and is meaningful in that it can confirm the transformation of Ya-dam into a novel. In addition, despite the fact that 『Gi-seol』 was compiled in the 19th century, the eccentricity revealed in the works was not expressed in the form of extreme sensational or surreal fantasies. The chi expressed in the work was coexisting within the 『Gi-seol』 with the unrealistic orientation represented by foreign objects and the reality orientation represented by humans. In addition, the way in which the eccentricity is described, rather than emphasizing fantasy through the placement of unrealistic elements, the layout of real people and space, and the form of enhanced causality and realism through dialogue scene description and internal description. Based on this aspect, the existence of novel collections such as 『Gi-seol』 in the education of classical novels is noted as an empirical material to read the cultural environment and changes in works enjoyed by classical novels. This can be used to identify the true nature of the genre shift of ya-dam and novels, and to highlight a new interest in the data field of Chinese literature fiction selection. In addition, it is meaningful in that it proposes a classical novel education methodology centered on a specific topic or concept, away from education centered on individual works. This also raises the need for the education of classical novels to shift away from the focus of work theory and take a cultural perspective first.

학문후속세대,신진연구자들의 한국어문학 및 문화 연구의 동향과 방향 : 한문서사산문(漢文敍事散文)의 연구 동향과 과제

한의숭 ( Eui Soong Han ) 한민족문화학회 2014 한민족문화연구 Vol.48 No.-

This study is to organize how all those Chinese novels, a historical romance and other narrative prose have been progressed and make a proper way to look through them. The categories that have been studied so far divide into the former novels based on 金鰲新話(Geum-o-sin-hwa), <九雲 夢>(Gu-un-mong) which was a Chinese full-length novel written in 17 century, and Chinese full-length novels written in 19 century, such as 玉樓 夢(Ok-roo-mong), 玉樹記(Ok-su-gi), 三韓拾遺(Sam-han-seup-yoo), 鸞鶴夢 (Nan-hak-mong), 六美堂記(Yook-mi-dang-gi), etc. In case of a historical romance and other narrative prose, all the studies so far was focused on individual works and meanings that each work contains. And in case of 傳 (Jeon), each piece of work has been discussed a lot. Now the following is about what we should study forward based on the research thesis in the past. First, since the structure of Chinese novels that has been written since 17 century need to be studied more, we should look carefully into novels of wits and beauties. Because plenty of those novels have been discovered so far, they need to be studied more. Those genre haven’t got enough attention though. Also, the status of them should be improved more. Secondly, miscellaneous writings need to be studied more. Those works were considered ‘just scattered’, but we should focus on the ‘joyful’ aspect and flexible philosophy that they have. So we should look carefully into those miscellaneous writings which belongs to 嶺南(Yeongnam) province. Thirdly, constant discovery should be needed to change the outlook on the works of narrative prose. Since studies on the fables and 夢遊錄 (Mong-u-rok) has been introduced and discovered a lot so far, the effort should be continued. Fourthly, the progress of writing materials should be studied as well. Inparticular, writers who lived in Yeongnam province did’t get enough attention. Since some of their works contain the clue about how historical romances written in the late Chosun Dynasty was made, they deserve more attention.

조선후기 문집에 나타난 『금오신화(金鰲新話)』와 『기재기이(企齋記異)』의 흔적

한의숭 ( Han¸ Eui-soong ) 한국고소설학회 2020 古小說 硏究 Vol.50 No.-

This study intends to discover the traces of 『Geum-o-Shin-hwa(金鰲新話)』 and 『Ki-jae-ki-yi(企齋記異)』 in literary compilations of late Joseon Dynasty and to understand their characteristics. The two novels, which are masterpieces of biographical novels of the 15-16th centuries, do not have many copies found. Compared to its historical status, it is presumable that it had not enjoyed popularity among readers throughout the Joseon Dynasty. This paper primarily reviews records regarding these two novels and estimates that the woodblock printed 『Geum-o-Shin-hwa(金鰲新話)』 was published by Yun, Chun-nyeon and was read by Ha-seo Kim, In-hoo through Yoon-ok, who participated in the publication of 『Chung-jong-Sil-lok』 as an editorial officer with Yun, Chun-nyeon. The traces of 『Geum-o-Shin-hwa(金鰲新話)』 also appear in the literature of the late Joseon Dynasty, as < Nam-yeom-bu-ju-ji(南炎浮洲志) > is found in 『Nam-kang-man-rok(南岡謾錄)』 in 『Mok-jae-jip(牧齋集)』 by Mok-jae Hwang Gok, who lived in Gyong-ju in 18th century. It was found that as < Nam-yeom-bu-ju-ji(南炎浮洲志) > provided a theoretical basis to criticize Buddhism for the contemporary literary circle rather than it was read as a novel. Along with this, < Seo-jae-ya-hoe-rok(書齋夜會錄) > of 『Ki-jae-ki-yi(企齋記異)』 was found to have been published under the title of < Byeol-seo-ya-hoe-rok(別墅夜會錄) > in 『Na-ong-moon-jip(裸翁文集)』 by Seong, Se-young, a writer in the early 20th century. The text contained in Seong, Se-young's compilation does not largely alter the original text when compared to < Seo-jae-ya-hoe-rok(書齋夜會錄) > which is Shin, Gwang-han's original text. It makes the work of Seong, Se-young fall into the category of forgery or plagiarism. Although it is difficult to figure out how < Seo-jae-ya-hoe-rok(書齋夜會錄) > was retitled to < Byeol-seo-ya-hoe-rok(別墅夜會錄) > and was included in the works of Seong, Se-young, it draws attention with its peculiarity. This study also asserts the necessity to expand the scope of the research for the remnant of Korean classical novels from Korean Literary Collections to materials preserved in Young-nam and Ho-nam areas. As it can be seen from the fact that the text from 『Geum-o-Shin-hwa(金鰲新話)』 was included in the book of Hwang Gok, it is necessary to expand the scope of the research to the works of those who were associated with Hwang Gok in Gyeong-ju region in 18th century to find out relevant materials. For instance, the following figures are estimated to socialize with Hwang Gok and there exists the necessity to review their works Research has been conducted to possibly assume that materials regarding Korean classical novels are mostly to be found. New materials can be found anytime, however, changes in the target and scope of the research are required. In this respect, this study accentuates the importance of the regional collections of literary works.

재난 기록에 형상화된 개인과 국가, 그리고 공동체

한의숭(Euisoong Han) 동남어문학회 2024 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.57

본고는 임진왜란 초기 상주 지역을 중심으로 활동한 검간 조정이 편찬한 『임진일기』를 통해 재난을 마주한 한 인간의 시선이 기록으로 표출된 양상을 살펴보고자 한 것에 해당된다. 『임진일기』는 기본적으로 전쟁 실기라는 성격으로 인해 상주를 중심으로 한 지역의 전쟁 상황, 피란민의 형상과 사회상, 관군과 의병의 활동 등 공적 기록에서 누락된 공백을 미시적 관점에서 보충하고 있다. 특히 사실적인 묘사와 기록을 통해 역사의 한 부분으로 존재했던 다양한 인간 군상을 되살려내고 있다는 측면에서 주목을 요한다. 이때 주목한 지점은 재난을 공통으로 경험한 개인과 가족, 국가가 상호의존성을 바탕으로 연결되어 있다는 점이다. 『임진일기』의 경우 여타 실기와 같이 사실의 기록에 바탕을 둔 점에서 유사하나, 전쟁이라는 특수한 재난 상황 속에서 개인과 가족을 중심으로 한 공동체와 이를 보호해야 하는 국가 사이에 연대와 결절이 어떤 관계를 맺고 있는지 포착한다는 점에서 차이가 드러난다. 즉, 『임진일기』는 개인, 가족, 국가로 포착되는 공동체가 돌봄의 주체로 수행하는 양상과 의미를 중심으로 주목되는 텍스트이다. 본고는 『임진일기』 가운데 재난 속에서 구현되는 공동체 의식에 조금 더 초점을 맞추어 살펴보았다. 그 결과 재난을 마주하는 한 인간의 시선을 통해 책임과 무력감 사이에서 고민하는 가부장의 일면을 발견할 수 있었고, 이러한 사태를 방기한 국가의 대리자로서 목민관에 대한 폭로를 통해 공동체 의식을 발현시키려는 의지를 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 함께 재난에 대처하는 공동체성의 형상과 의미가 무엇인지 살펴보았다. 이는 계급을 뛰어넘는 보편적 인류애의 발현을 통해 구현되는데, 특히 공서의 조건으로 설정되는 ‘인정’이라는 개념이 작동하여 재난 앞에 약자로 정위되는 공통 조건을 통해 공동체성으로 관류될 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 공동체성은 결국 구성 요소인 개인, 가족, 국가 사이의 관계에서 국가의 공적 책임과 역할이 명징하게 구현될 때 제 의미를 찾을 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 함께 본고는 실기와 같이 상대적으로 조명받지 못한 자료에 대한 관심 환기를 촉구하고 있다. 자료의 의미는 자료의 존재를 발굴, 소개하고 충실한 번역을 통해 밝혀질 수 있기 때문에, 이에 대한 관심은 지속적으로 요청된다. This paper aims to examine the ways in which a human perspective in the face of disaster is expressed in records through the 『Im-jin-il-gi』 compiled by Gumgan Jo-jung, who was active in the Sangju area during the early years of the Im-jin War. Due to its nature as a war diary, 『Im-jin-il-gi』 fills in the gaps left out of official records from a micro perspective, including the war situation in the area centered on Sang-ju, the shape and society of the evacuees, and the activities of the government troops and medics. In particular, it is noteworthy in that it revives various human groups that existed as part of history through realistic depictions and records. The point of focus is the interdependence of individuals, families, and nations who experienced disasters in common. 『Im-jin-il-gi』 is similar to other true accounts in that it is based on factual records, but it is different in that it captures the relationship of solidarity and nexus between the community centered on individuals and families and the state that is supposed to protect them in the special disaster situation of war. In other words, 『Im-jin-il-gi』 is a text that centers on the forms and meanings of the community, captured as individuals, families, and the state, as subjects of care. This paper focuses more on the sense of community embodied in the disaster in 『Im-jin-il-gi』, and as a result, we can discover a side of the patriarch who is torn between responsibility and helplessness through the eyes of a human being facing the disaster, and the will to express a sense of community through the revelation of Mok-min-kwan as an agent of the state that prevented the disaster. In addition, we examined the shape and meaning of community in response to disasters. This is realized through the manifestation of universal humanity that transcends class, especially through the concept of 'recognition' set as a condition of public service, which was able to be perfused into community through the common condition of being the underdog in the face of disaster. Furthermore, we found that community finds its meaning when the public responsibility and role of the state is clearly embodied in the relationship between the individual, the family, and the state. This paper also calls for attention to relatively unexamined materials, such as the threads. The meaning of these materials can only be uncovered through their discovery, presentation, and faithful translation.

『어우야담』 이본 소개 -경북대 소장본을 중심으로-

한의숭 ( Eui Soong Han ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2006 영남학 Vol.- No.10

나덕헌(羅德憲)의 『북행일기(北行日記)』 연구

한의숭 ( Han¸ Eui-soong ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2020 호남학 Vol.0 No.68

인간에 대한 초상은 기록의 흐름 속에서 윤곽이 그려진다. 이를 통해 한 인간에 대한 표폄이 후대에 이루어지게 되는데, 이는 그만큼이나 기록의 객관성과 엄정성의 확보를 요구하는 것이기도 하다. 이런 측면에서 일기는 개인 기록이긴 하나 역사의 공백을 보충하는 사료로 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 본고는 호남 지역 출신 인물인 羅德憲(1573∼1640)의 『北行日記』를 주목한 것에 해당된다. 나덕헌의 『북행일기』는 춘신사로 1636년 2월 9일부터 4월 29일까지 수행한 여정을 기록한 사행일기에 해당된다. 해당 사행에서 나덕헌은 후금 황제의 남교 즉위식에 하례 문제와 황제참칭의 국서를 받아온 것으로 인해 곤란을 겪게 되었으나, 이후 청나라의 문서 자료를 통해 누명이 벗겨지기도 하였다. 이후 나덕헌에 대한 전기 자료가 다수 창작되었는데, 이것들의 기초적 자료라 할 수 있는 게 바로 『북행일기』이다. 『북행일기』는 단순한 사행 여정에 대한 기록에 중점을 두기보다 조선과 후금 사이의 외교를 중심으로 팽팽한 긴장 관계를 진술한 보고서로 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 때문에 『북행일기』에서는 지역 문화와 지역민의 생활 및 풍경에 대한 묘사나 서술은 거의 눈에 띄지 않는다. 또한 『북행일기』는 여타 실기와 달리 장황한 세부 묘사나 자기 변명적 논설에서 한걸음 비껴나 있다. 대화 방식에 바탕을 둔 서술을 통해 현장감을 살리는데 중점을 두고 있는 게 그것이다. 이와 함께 기록이 조작이나 왜곡의 혐의에서 벗어날 수 있도록 담백하게 사실을 진실성 있게 기록하는 형태를 강조하였다. 『북행일기』는 후대 문인들에 의해 다수의 나덕헌 전기가 창작될 수 있었던 중요한 원천이었다. 나덕헌은 병자호란 전후에 걸쳐 후금과의 관계 속에서 조선의 節義를 표상하는 상징으로 존재가 부각되었다. 『북행일기』의 기록은 나덕헌이란 인물이 현양되는 과정에서 대단히 중요한 의미를 가진다. 따라서 『북행일기』는 사적 일기 또는 춘신사행의 기록으로 단순히 취급될 수 없다. 일기임에도 공적 기록의 성격을 띄고 한 개인의 삶에 절대적 영향력을 미치며, 후대에 표상될 수 있는 증명 자료로 소환되었다는 점에서 그 위상을 자리매김할 필요가 있다. The portrait of man is outlined in the flow of records. This will lead to denigrating of a human being in the future, which also calls for securing objectivity and strictness of records. In this respect, the diary is a personal record, but it plays an important role as a feed to fill the void in history. This paper corresponds to the attention of Na Deok-heon(羅德憲, 1573-1640)’s 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』, a figure from the Honam region. Na Deok-heon’s 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 corresponds to the record of his journey from February 9, 1636 to April 29, 1636. Na Deok-heon was in trouble for attending the royal ceremony of Namgyo and receiving the royal books of Emperor, but he was later cleared of the charge through documents from the Qing Dynasty. A number of biographical materials about Na Deok-heon were created, and the basic material of these was the 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』. Rather than focusing on the record of a simple journey, 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 is important as a report that states the tense relationship between Joseon and Who-Geom, focusing on diplomacy. Therefore, in 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』, the statement and the description of local culture, the life of local people and its scenery are rarely noticeable. In addition, 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 is a step away from lengthy detailed descriptions and self-evident editorials. The focus is on reviving the sense of realism through descriptions based on dialogue methods. And, it emphasized the form of recording facts in a simple and sincere manner so that the records could be free from charges of manipulation or distortion. 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 was an important source of many Na Deok-heon’s biographies for later writers. Na Deok-heon’s existence was highlighted as a symbol of Joseon’s integrity before and after the Manchu invasions. The record of 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 is very important in the process of Na Deok-heon being enshrined. Therefore, 『Buk-haeng-il-gi』 cannot be simply treated as a private diary or a record of Chun-shin-sa-haeng. Although it is a diary, it is necessary to establish its status in that it has the character of a public record, has an absolute influence on a person’s life, and has been summoned as a proof that can be reflected in future generations.

『골동록(汨童錄)』소재 일화의 서술 양상과 그 의미

한의숭 ( Eui Soong Han ) 한국문학언어학회 2015 어문론총 Vol.63 No.-

This paper talks about the analysis of the description method especially focused on 『Goal-dong-rok』which is published by Paul-Wu-Hurn Joe-Bo-Yang (1709~1788) once dwelled on the region of young-nam in 18th century. In case of some anecdote carried on through 『Goal-dong-rok』, most of the records are about the stories capturing characteristic aspects of the characters in the stories and it shows specific regional characters based on the geographical regions where the author, Joe-Bo-Yang, is born and raised. The description method of anecdote in 『Goal-dong-rok』 draws our close attention in three aspects. First of all even though those records are descended without proper documenting method, it shows that the author``s intention towards the clear spirit of record is fundamentally innate through the records and author``s subjective opinion is clearly based on its record. Secondly, some of the stories carried on 『Goal-dong-rok』 shows aspects pursuing ``Goal-Kye`` and those cases confirm a hint of descriptive method through a story which developed ``Goal-Kye`` written by ``low-class people``. Third, it seems that the author could have sense of novels through the wording novel and ``jeon-gi-soo`` related records like 『jeon-gi』,『Jiandeng Xinhua』and so on and based on it the author could publish Chinese Short Collection like <yoon-young anecdote> The author``s consciousness reflected on 『Goal-dong-rok』seems to have pursued a reinforced form of low-quality records rather than to pursue a fictional form flavored with some descriptive characters. Because of it, the aspects of consciousness throughout the whole story of 『Goal-dong-rok』 reflected ``the spirit of record`` focused on ``surroundings``, ``daily routine``, ``me`` and so on. It also can be understood as reaching out to realize ``warm share`` about ``contemporary`` Therefore the aspects of author``s consciousness reflected on 『Goal-Dong-Rok』could be understood as it showed a glimpse of characters that young-nam southern people possessed. However it is necessary to take a look at this aspects not with just ``Hangmaek`` which is closed viewpoint but with a converted viewpoint of ``locality``. Then it could be recognized as a meaningful academic tradition with tendency rather than with local and individual aspects.

「포의교집」의 문체와 서사적 특징

한의숭 ( Eui Soong Han ) 한국문학언어학회 2004 어문론총 Vol.41 No.-