중국 소년사법제도의 문제점 및 개선방안

필성,김재중 한양법학회 2020 漢陽法學 Vol.31 No.2

중국의 소년사법제도에는 많은 문제가 여전히 남아 있다. 이에 따라 한국을 비롯한 다른 국가의 소년사법제도를 참고하고 이를 도입하여 중국의 소년사법제도를 완비할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 전문적으로 「소년법」을 제정하여야 한다. 다른 국가의 소년사법제도를 살펴보면 전문적인 「소년법」을 제정하고 있다. 현재 중국은「소년법」을 제정하지 않고 孙鉴,“论中国少年法律体系的学理构建”,「预防青少年犯罪研究」,中国预防青少年犯罪研究会,2016年,第5期,第36頁。 소년사법에 관한 규정이 「형법」, 「형사소송법」, 「미성년보호법」, 「미성년범죄예방에 관한 법」 , 최고인민법원 및 최고인민검찰원의 사법해석 등에 분산되어 있다. 이런 법제는 보편적이지 않은 것이므로 관련법을 통합하여 「소년법」을 전문적으로 제정해야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 「소년법」을 제정할 때 실체법 및 절차법에 관한 내용을 고려할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 소년의 연령범위를 명확히 해야 한다. 현재는 연령의 상한만 규정하고 하한을 정하지 않고 있어 소년사건에 대하여 수용교양, 소원교육 등을 결정하는 것이 어렵다. 뿐만 아니라 소년연령의 범위가 확대하여야한다. 한국 및 일본 등은 소년연령의 범위를 10-19세, 12-20세으로 규정하고 있다. 이런 규정은 소년보호의 범위를 확대하고 소년보호의 정신에 기초한 것이다. 중국은 다른 국가의 소년연령에 대한 규정을 감안하여 소년연령의 범위를 10-20세로 설정하여야 한다. 셋째, 소년보호처분의 내용을 완비할 필요가 있다. 중국에서 행하는 많은 보호조치가 한국과 유사한 것으로 나타난다. 예를 들어 정부수용교양, 소원교육, 치안처벌 등이다. 그런데 중국에서 보호처분의 개념이 아직도 법제화 되어 있지 않다. 따라서 이런 조치는 여러 법에 산재되어 있고 상호 모순되는 문제점이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 대부분의 조치는 강제성의 결여로 소년에게 적용될 수 없다. 「미성년범죄예방에 관한 법」이 정한 불량행위, 엄중불량행위는 현행 사법제도에서 관련 처리조치를 찾을 수 없다. 중국에 “우범행위”의 개념이 없기 때문이다. 그 행위에 대하여 일반적으로 보통의 교육을 할 수 밖에 없다. 따라서 한국 및 일본의 소년보호처분에 관한 내용을 중국에 도입하여, 소년 범죄, 소년 촉법, 소년우범행위를 소년비행의 개념에 넣을 필요가 있다. 그리고 소년범죄에 대한 형사처분 및 소년보호처분을 구분하며 다른 처리방식을 정하고 보호처분의 조치 유형을 확대해야 한다. 넷째, 소년 사건처리에 있어 사법기관이 주도하는 제도를 수립하여야 한다. 한국에서도 소년형사사법이 이원적 절차를 채택하고 검사선의주의를 선택하고 있다 보니 이에 대한 문제점이 제기되었고 법원선의주의에로의 전환의 필요성에 대한 논의가 진행되어 왔다. 상세한 것은 사법정책연구원, 소년형사사법절차의 개선에 관한 연구 –통합적 운용가능성을 중심으로-, 2019, 191면 이하 참조. 중국에서 소년사건을 대부분은 행정기관이 처리한다. 소수의 형사 범죄사건에 대하여만 형사소송절차에 따라 법원이 처리하여 상당히 효율적인 것으로 평가된다. 그런데 행정기관이 담당함으로써 즉 처리기관 스스로가 당사자이자 재판자를 겸하는 문제점도 있고 소년의 정당한 권익을 보장하기 어려운 단점이 존재한다. 그리고 처리된 소년에 대한 불복 구제조치가 존재하지 않는다. 따라서 모든... Since the establishment of the first juvenile court in Illinois, USA in 1899, the juvenile justice system has gradually been accepted all over the world for more than 100 years, especially after World War II. With the establishment of the United Nations, The Convention on the Rights of the Child, The United Nations Minimum Standard Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and other multilateral treaties and rules have been reached. It has become a consensus that juveniles adopt a judicial system different from adults. Most countries have established juvenile justice systems in line with their national conditions. It has played an important role in safeguarding the legal rights of juveniles and preventing juvenile delinquency. After the founding of New China in 1949, especially since the reform and opening up in 1979, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the protection of juveniles. It has continued to explore the juvenile justice system and other aspects, forming a preliminary form of a socialist juvenile justice system with Chinese characteristics. In order to make China's juvenile justice system more perfect, it must be improved from the following aspects. Develop an independent juvenile law. This is a necessary condition for the protection of juvenile justice. Develop an independent juvenile law to unify the provisions on juveniles scattered in other laws. Moreover, juvenile law should contain relevant content of substantive law and procedural law. As the main basis for handling juvenile cases. Identify the age range of teenagers. At present, Chinese laws generally only set an upper limit for juvenile age, but not a lower limit. It is more difficult to make decisions on the protection and punishment of juvenile cases, such as admission, education, and work school education. In addition, it is necessary to expand the age range for teenagers. Drawing on the legislation of other countries, it is reasonable to limit the age range of juveniles to between 10 and 20. Improve the content of juvenile protection and punishment. The juvenile delinquency, juvenile delinquency and juvenile offender behavior are attributed to the juvenile non-business concept. A distinction is made between criminal sanctions and juvenile protection sanctions. Define different approaches. Types of measures to increase protection, such as: government shelters, education at work schools, compulsory detoxification, ordering education, admonitions, public security detention, etc. Establish a judicial system for juvenile cases. Incorporate all processing into judicial process. Juvenile cases are tried and judged by the courts, and the juveniles are given the right to remedy the results of the process.

중국 형사소송법의 발전과 향후의 과제

朴宗根(piao zong gen),畢成(bi cheng) 전북대학교 법학연구소 2012 법학연구 Vol.37 No.-

The Criminal Procedure Law Amendment which is the latest amendment since 1996 is passed in March 2012 by NPC Standing Committee. The Amendment has changed a lot that half of the articles are newly added and revised in this latest revision. The article reviews on basic lawsuit systems such as the defense system and the evidence system, covering criminal investigation,prosecution,trial,execution,and other stages alike in litigation that are related to the Amendment. It aims at providing constructive advice for the further revision of the law under discussion.

미국의 도시권 정의: Core Based Statistical Areas

변필성,김광익 국토지리학회 2007 국토지리학회지 Vol.41 No.1

This work discusses the delimitation criteria and terminologies of CBSAs (Core Based Statistical Areas). Since the early 2000s, the CBSAs have been used as the new official definitions of U.S. metropolitan areas, and they have increasingly supplanted MAs (Metropolitan Areas). Our discussion focuses on the comparison of the CBSAs to the MAs, in terms of delimitation standards and terminologies. The results of the discussion are as follows: (1) There have been changes both in the classification system and the scope of U.S. official metropolitan areas. Particularly, the CBSAs encompass the small-scale urban cores and their peripheries with strong commuting ties as a type of metropolitan area. Such a type has been excluded from the MA system. (2) Compared to the delimitation criteria of the MAs, those of the CBSAs are simplified. (3) The delimitation rules of the CBSAs include the reverse commuting from a core toward peripheries as well as the forward commuting from peripheries toward a core. We believe the rules reflect the suburbanization that has advanced in U.S., especially since the 1990s. 본고는 오랫동안 미국의 공식적인 도시권으로서 활용되어온 MA(Metropolitan Area)를 2000년대 초부터 대체해오고 있는 새로운 도시권 정의인 CBSA(Core Based Statistical Area)의 획정기준 및 관련 용어를 고찰하되, MA와의 차별성에 초점을 맞춘다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같이 정리된다. (1) 미국 도시권의 분류체계와 포괄범위가 변화했고, 무엇보다도 CBSA는 기존의 MA와 달리, 소규모 중심도시지역과 그것에 통근상의 연계가 높은 주변지역을 하나의 공식적인 도시권 유형으로 포함시킨다. (2) MA와 비교해서, CBSA의 획정기준이 비교적 단순화되었다. (3) CBSA 획정기준은 통근뿐만 아니라 역통근 관련 내용도 포함한다는 점에서 1990년대 이후 미국에서 진전된 교외화를 반영한다고 사료된다.

제40차 춘계학술대회 : 포스터 전시 연제 ; Sudoriparous angioma 1예

박필성,최영자,성호석 대한피부과학회 1988 초록집 Vol.26 No.20

분산 메모리 시스템에서의 초대형 희소 고유치 문제의 비동기 멱승법에 관한 연구

朴弼聖 水原大學校 2002 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Most of today's parallel numerical schemes use synchronous algorithms, where some processors that have finished their tasks earlier than others must wait at synchronization points for correct computation. Hence load balancing is a crucial factor, but it is in general difficult to achieve on heterogeneous workstation clusters. We devise an asynchronous algorithm for some eigenvalue problems for finding the dominant eigenpairs that reduces the idle times of faster processors.

비동기 멱승법을 위한 이론적 및 경험적 고찰

朴弼聖 水原大學校 2005 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

Asynchronous iteration is a way to improve performance of parallel linear system solvers by reducing idle times of fast processors caused by unequal load to each processors, but nothing has been reported about asynchronous method for eigenvalue problems yet. We devise some tools that can be used in building synchronous/asynchronous hybrid power iteration method on the basis of some theoretical and empirical observations .

응급실 사망 환자의 분석

고필성,조석주 대한응급의학회 2000 대한응급의학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Background: The prehospital care system in the Pusan area is primitive in organization, and the emergency medical system of every hospital needs to be developed. A analysis of patients who were treated in emergency rooms and who died is necessary in order to establish an emergency medical service system which is appropriate for the community. Method: The authors reviewed the records of 117 patients who died in the emergency room of Pusan National University Hospital from January 1998 to December 1998. Results: 1) Among the 117 patients, 68 patients were male (58.1%) and 49 patients were female (41.9%). The incidence of patients over the age of 70 was very high (33 cases, 28.2%). 2) Among the 117 patients, 99 patients died due to disease(84.6%), 16 die to trauma, and 2 due to intoxication. The most prevalent disease was cardiovascular disease. 3) Among the 117 patients, 63 patients arrived voluntarily (53.8); the remainder were transferred from other hospitals. Forty-eight patients were transported by 119 ambulance (41.0%), and 41 patients were transported by hospital ambulance. 4) As for consciousness level, 52 patients(44.4%) were alert upon arrival at the emergency room, but 42 patients (35.9%) were unresponsive. 5) In 53 patients, the intervals between arrival at the emergency room and the onset of cardiac arrest were from 2 to 24 hours (45.3%). 6) Cardiac arrest was most frequent between 10:00 pm and 8:00 am. 7) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was done in 74 patients (63.2%), and the mean duration was from 30 minutes to 1 hour. 8) Sixty-sex patients were patients of internal medicine, and their mean stay time was 17 hours 27 minutes. Conclusion: These results suggest that systematic education in advanced cardiopulmonary resusciatation, expansion of emergency physicians, an increase in the number of intensive care units are required.

워크스테이션 클러스터에서의 비동기 반복법의 구현

박필성,신순철 수원대학교 자연과학연구소 2000 자연과학논문집 Vol.3 No.-

The main stream of parallel programming today is using synchronous iterative algorithms, and workload balance is a crucial factor in the design of parallel programs. However, it is difficult to achieve on heterogeneous workstation clusters where the available computing power of each processor is unpredictable. As a way to overcome such a problem, the idea of asynchronous iteration has grown out and is being increasingly used and studied. But most authors use the technique on shared memory systems, which is in some sense, easy to implement. We use the algorithm in the MPI(Message Passing Interface) environment on the workstation cluster Atom at University of Suwon, that consists of 7 nodes each of which has 2 Celeron CPUs. We reprot implementation details and numerical experiments of the asynchronous algorithm, together with that by usual synchronous algorithms.

大麥集團에 대한 遺傳分析

黃弼聖,李在順,鄭元福 東亞大學校附設 農業生命科學硏究所 1999 農業生命資援硏究 Vol.8 No.1

大麥의 收量에 대한 相關關係를 밝히고 각 형질간의 直·間接效果를 평가하여 선발지수를 작성함으로써 有用形質의 選拔에 대한 基礎資料를 얻고자 皮麥 5品種과 裸麥 5品種을 재배하여 遺傳力, 相關關係, 經路係數, 選拔指數를 算出한 結果는 다음과 같다. 遺傳力은 皮麥의 경우 葉長에서 99.55로 가장 높게 나타났으며 千粒種을 제외한 모든 형질에서 76.86-99.55%로 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 裸麥의 경우 桿長 및 葉長에서 99.55%로 가장 높았고 節間直莖을 제외한 모든 형질에서 93.26-99.95%로 매우 높은 수치를 보였다. 形質間의 相關關係에서 皮麥은 節間直莖과 葉長, 節間直莖과 葉幅, 葉長과 葉幅, 桿長과 千粒種, 芒長과 千粒種, 穗長과 葉幅에서 正의 相關으로 有意性을 보였다. 그리고 穗長과 桿長, 桿長과 葉幅, 芒長과 1穗粒數, 千粒種과 1穗粒數에서 負의 有意한 相關이였다. 裸麥의 경우 桿長과 葉長, 穗長과 芒長, 葉幅과 千粒種, 葉幅과 1穗粒數가 正의 相關으로 有意性을 보였으며 穗長과 節間直莖, 穗長과 葉幅, 穗長과 1穗粒數에서 負의 相關으로 유의하였다. 經路係數분석에서 皮麥의 直接 또는 間接效果는 대체로 葉幅과 節間直莖 등이 크게 영향을 미친 것으로 評價되며, 裸麥의 直接 또는 間接效果는 桿長,穗長,節間直莖, 葉幅이 크게 影響을 미친 것으로 평가된다. 選拔指數에서는 皮麥은 단일 형질에서 節間直莖(X₃)의 指數가 가장 높았고, 葉幅,穗長,葉長의 順으로 높았다. 단일형질에서 가장 높았던 절간직경은 대부분의 여러 形質組合에서 指數가 높은 傾向을 보였다. 裸麥의 경우에도 단일형질에서 節間直莖(X₃)의 지수가 가장 높았으며 葉幅, 葉長, 千粒種의 순이었다. This experiment was carried out to analysis gentic basis data for selection of useful character. it was evaluated to heritability, correlation, path coefficient and selective index. The heritability of characters were spike length, culm length, culm diameter, length of leaf, leaf width, awn length, 1,000 grains weight and number of grains per spike. The heritability of hulled barley were showed from 76.8% to 99.55% and length of leaf was the highest from 99.55%. The heritability of naked barley were showed from 93.26% to 99.55% and culm length and length of leaf were highest as 99.55%. In correlation coefficients among characters in hulled barley, relationships between culm diameter and length of leaf, culm dameter and leaf, width, length of leaf and leaf width, culm length and 1,000 grain weight, awn length and number of grains per spike were showed significant positive correlation. In correlation coefficients among characters in naked barley, relationships between culm length and length of leaf, spike length and awn length, culm length and awn length, leaf width and 1,000 grains weight, leaf width and number of grains per spike were showed significant positive correlation. It was estimated from the path coefficient analysis that direct effects and indirect effects related number of grain per spike were most affected by leaf width and culm diameter in hulled barley and by culm length, culm diameter and leaf width in naked barley. The selection weight of culm diameter was the highest of all the characters or common the combination of all the characters in hulled barley. The selection weight of culm diameter was the highest of all the characters or common the combination of all the characters in naked barley.

악성종양 환자의 피부지연면역반응에 관한 연구

박필성,최영자,성호석 인제대학교 1989 仁濟醫學 Vol.10 No.4

악성종양 환자의 세포성 면역 상태를 평가하기 위해서 저자들은 1985년 9월부터 1988년 5월까지 인제대학교 부속 부산백병원에 입원 또는 내원한 악성종양환자 107명(남자 52명, 여자 55명)을 대상으로 최근에 개발된, 7가지의 표준화된 회상항원(Tetanus, Diphtheria, Streptococcus, Tuberculin, Candida, Trichophyton, Proteus)과 대조 물질로서 70%w/v glycerine을 동시에 피내에 주입할 수 있는 MultitestR CMI 방범을 이용하여 피력지연면역반응 검사를 시행하고 그 성적을 성별, 장기별, 항원별로 비교, 분석 검토하였다. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) is one of the most sensitive reflections of cell-mediated immunity(CMI). In order to assess CMI in various cancer patients, we evaluated DCH responses in 107 cancer patients (52 males & 55 females), by using MultitestR CMI Kit which can simultaneously apply 7 standardized recall antigens (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Streptococcus, Tuberculin, Candida, Trichophyton, Proteus) and a 70% w/v glycerine centrol. Total 107 canters comprised 40 cases of upper GI tract ca., 24 cases of lower GI tract ca., 18 cases of female genital tract ca., 10 cases of hepatobiliary ca., 6 cases of skin ca., 3 cases of pharyngolaryngeal ca., and each 2 cases of pancreatic ca., breast ca., and retroperitoneal ca., respectively. The results were obtained as follows ; 1) The average score in patient group was significantly lower than that of control group (12.9mm for patients, 18.2mm for control) (p<0.01). 2) With respect of sex difference, the average score was significantly decreased in male patient group (11.2 mm for male patients, 20.7 mm for male control), while no significant difference in female patient group in contrast with control group. 3) Average number of positive antigens ranged from 2.0 for retroperitoneal ca., to 3.5 for breast ca., and in male patient group, it was 2.7 showing significant decrease in contrast with control group. 4) Average score, in general, were lower in hepatobiliary ca., (9.9 mm), pancreatic ca., (10.3mm), retroperitoneal ca., (10.5mm) and pharyngolaryngeal ca., (10.5 mm) in order than that of control group, while no significant change in female genital ca., breast ca., and skin ca. 5) All 7 antigens gave positive reactions ranging from 5% for tetanus to 83.9 for tuberculin, with the highest reaction to tuberculin while tetanus antigen gave the weakest reaction. 6) The rate of both anergy and below warning score were significantly higher in male patient group than that of control group (9.6% and 36.5% respectively). 7) As for complication of MultitestR CMI device, no adverse systemic reaction was observed in both patient & control groups except mild erythema and /or mild itching.